234 A. M. Broadley — The Buddhistic Remains of Bihar. [No. 3, 
cannot be the slightest doubt. “ Au nord du Viliara du Bois des Bamhous,” 
continues Hwen Thsang, “ il fit environ deux cents pas, et arriva a 1’ etang 
de Karandahrada.” The remains of the tank can still be seen facing the 
southern wall of the new town, and a figure I found there bore the words 
“ A religious gift to the Karandahrada tank.” To the north of the tank, 
at a distance of two or three feet, he saw a stupa about 60 feet in height, which 
had been built by Afoka. This must be identical with one of the jungle 
covered mounds just under the city ramparts ; but every trace of the monolith 
which stood beside it, has disappeared. 
He now arrives in new liajgir, and it is clear that the two centuries which 
had passed since Fall Hiyan’s visit, had reduced the town to a ruin, very lit- 
tle different from that which it has been my task to describe, a fact which 
makes the contemplation of these venerable walls doubly interesting, both 
to the historian and to the archaeologist. He writes,* “ L ’enceinte ex- 
terieure etait deja detruite, et Von n' apcrcevait pas meme les restes des 
murs” [yot General Cunningham endeavours to survey them !]. “ Quoique les 
murs interieurs fussent on ruines, lour base avait encore une certaine eleva- 
tion, et embrassait dans ses contours une vingtaine de li A 1 ’ angle sud- 
ouest de la ville royale il y a deux petits Sangharamas ou s’arretent les 
religieux (Strangers qui voyagent.” These monasteries are now represented 
by the enormous pile of bricks and rubbish which is to be found at the 
south-west corner of the town, and which I have already alluded to. 
We can now return to Fah Hiyan, and follow him into the Valley of 
the Five Hills. 
‘ Leaving the south side of the city and proceeding southwards four li, 
we enter a valley between five hills. These hills encircle it completely like 
the walls of a town . This is the site of the old city of king Bimbisara.’ 
The valley is clearly identical with the narrow tract of country surrounded 
by the five mountains of Rajgir, a little less than a mile due south of the 
fortifications previously described. This spot is of the greatest archaeologi- 
cal interest. Here once stood, according to tradition, the impregnable for- 
tress of Jarasandha, outside the walls of which was fought one of the most 
famous battles of the Mahabharata; centuries later, the valley was the 
scene of many of the episodes in the life of Tathfigata ; and lastly — during 
the palmiest days of Muhammadan rule in Bihar — its solitudes became the 
abiding place of Makhdum Sharaf-uddin, one of the greatest saints amongst 
the Faithful in Hindustan. 
These five hills are by no means solitary ; they form a portion of a 
rocky mountain chain stretching nearly thirty miles from the neighbourhood 
of Gaya, north-west as far as Giryak in Bihar. Their sides are rugged and 
precipitous, and are mostly covered with an impenetrable jungle, broken only 
* Memoires, Tom. Ill, p. 38. 
