235 
1872.] A. M. Broadley — The Buddhistic Remains of Bihar. 
by irregular pathways overgrown with brushwood, which are yearly trodden 
by hundreds of Jain pilgrims from Murshidabad, Banaras, and even Bom- 
bay, who throng to Rajgir during the cold and dry seasons to do homage to 
the sacred charanas, or ‘ foot prints,’ of then.' saints, enshrined in the temples 
which crown the mountain tops. 
The north side of the valley is bounded by Mount Baibhar — a rocky 
hill running three or four miles north-.west, and terminating at its eastern 
side in the hot wells of Rajgir. Here the valley is entered by a narrow 
ravine through the midst of which the Sarasvati rivulet forces its way into 
the low country to the north of the hills. On the eastern side of the stream 
rises the lofty ascent of Mount Yipula, a branch of which runs as far as 
Griryak, a distance of six miles. Hardly a quarter of a mile from the wes- 
tern side of the hill, it is joined at right angles by a third mountain running 
from the north, called Ratnagir. This hill is of inconsiderable length and 
terminates in a narrow ravine branching away to the east. On the opposite 
side of this ravine rises Mount Udayagir, a less important hill, running due 
south and terminating in the ancient wall and fort of Banganga, the sou- 
thern gate of the ancient capital of Magadha. To the west of the torrent 
is the fifth and largest hill, Mount Sonar. It first takes a course to the 
west, then turns northwards, and finally, exactly opposite the narrow valley 
between Mounts Ratnagir and Udayagir, stretches away to the west, and 
forms the southern boundary of this natural fortress, being only separated 
at its western extremity by a narrow ravine from an offshoot of Mount 
Baibhar, commonly called the ‘ Chhatsi.’ These five hills are called in the 
Mahabharata* — Vaihara, Yaraha, Vrishabha, Rishigiri, and Chaityaka ; and 
in the Pali annals of Ceylon — Gijjhakuta, Isigili, Webharo,+ Wepulo, and 
Panda wo. $ 
Speaking of the valley, Pah-Hiyan§ goes on to say : ‘ From east to west 
it is about five or six li, from north to south seven or eight li.’ It is evi- 
dent that Fah-Hian excluded from his computation the eastern and western 
bifurcations of the valley, and even then its dimensions are slightly under- 
stated. 
The description of the valley of the five hills given by Hwen Thsang|| 
differs very considerably from that of his forerunner. He tells us that the 
city was situated just in the centre of the kingdom of Magadha, and was in 
* Mahabharatn, II. 20, v. 799, 800. 
f Lassen suspects the reading Vaibhdra by Tumour to be ineorroot, and proposes 
to read Vcdhdra in accordance witb tbe Mahablidrata. ‘ It is surprising,’ he adds, 
‘ that the first and last nainos are Buddhistic, and we may, therefore, suspect they 
were given to these mountains only after the time of Buddha. Alterth., vol. II., p. 79. 
J Tumour, in Jour. As. Soc. Beng., vol. VI., p. 996. 
§ Beal’s Fah Hian, Chapter xxviii., p. 112. 
|| Memo! res, Tom. III., pp. 15-16. 
