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1872.] A. M. Broadley — The Buddhistic Remains of Bihar. 
and 15 or 16 feet high, stretched itself to the summit of Mount Vipula, and 
protected the city from attacks on the mountain side. There were doubtless 
similar fortifications on the side of Mount Baibhar, but their traces are very 
faint, whereas those on the western slope of Mount Vipula are remarkably 
perfect and distinct. Over the whole surface of the interior of the city is 
spread a mass of debris covered by brushwood and shrubs, and here and there 
are piles of bricks and stones, denoting the site of some house or temple. 
Near the south-west corner of the city is a lofty tumulus, somewhat higher 
than the ruins of the eastern entrance. This is covered by a small Jaina 
cupola of brick and plaster. The sides of the tumulus are strewn with bricks 
and fragments of granite pillars. I also discovered some pieces of cornice 
covered with representations of Buddhas and Nag, is. I made an excavation 
on the north side of the tumulus, and uncovered a considerable portion of 
the northern side of a Buddhist building, of which the entrance seems to 
have faced the north — a feature I have not before met with in any similar 
ruin, — for the numerous temples which I have seen at liajgir and other places 
are, without exception, approached from the east. A staircase of brick, 
with walls on either side, led to the inner hall. The walls appear to have 
been strengthened, and the roof at the same time provided with supports, by 
the erection of gray stone pillars, about four feet apart, with plain square 
bases and capitals. This passage led to a room about 12 feet square, con- 
taining twelve pillars similar to those in the staircase — ten of which are 
imbedded in the brickwork and two support the roof in the centre of the 
chamber. The centre hall is directly underneath the Jaina temple, and it 
consequently has been impossible to uncover it. I think the precise nature 
of the original building is doubtful ; the position of the entrance leads me to 
the conclusion that it was most likely a house or tower, not a religious 
edifice. The doorway seems to have been surmounted by a long basalt slab 
containing figures twelve inches high. I brought away two pieces of this 
to Bihar. Several other figures were found in this place years ago, when it 
was pierced by an avaricious road-contractor in the hope of finding treasure. 
If he ever learned the Jaina traditions connected with the place, his hopes 
must have been high, for they make out tho tumulus to be the ruin of the 
house of Danaji and Sathadraji, two seths, or bankers, in whose honour, they 
say, a small temple still exists on the eastern slope of Mouut Baibhar. If 
the priests made their story known to this enterprising scion of the Depart- 
ment of Public Works, they cannot solely blame him for the disaster which 
followed on his researches, namely, the collapse of the stucco pagoda and its 
sacred ‘ charana’ towards the end of the succeeding rains. 
About a mile to the south-east of the mound is a long piece of rampart 
known as * Barghaut.’ In the centre of this was the southern gate of 
Kusagsirapura, flanked by two towers. The view from the top of the ruin 
