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A. M. Broadley — The Buddhistic Remains of Bihar. [No. 3, 
and Musalmans, and is thronged by pilgrims all the year round. The spot 
is celebrated as the residence of Makhdum Shfih Shaikh Sharaf-uddin Ahmad, 
a saint, not only revered by the Muhammadans of Bihar, hut by the follow- 
ers of the Crescent all over India. The date of his sojourn at Rajgir was, 
as far as I can ascertain, about 715, A. H. The stone cell is said to be his 
“ hujrah,” i. e. the scene of a forty days’ meditation andfast [Persian, chillali], 
and the platform above, the place of his morning and evening prayers. 
General Cunningham has been led into a strange error about this spot, and 
states it to have been the dwelling of Saint Chillah, a converted Hindu.*. I 
shall give a complete history of the life and writings of Sharaf-uddin, in 
connection with the history of Muhammadan rule in Bihar. 
About two hundred feet from the foot of the hill, almost immediately 
above the northern gate of the ancient city, and nearly half a mile south- 
west of the Makhdum-kund, are the remains of an enormous brick stupa or 
“ tope,” now surmounted by a small temple of Mah&deva. There is a simi- 
lar ruin opposite this at the foot of Baibhar, and the bed of the ravine is 
also strewn with debris. I clearly identify these ruins with the description 
of Hwen Thsang :f “ En dehors de la porte septentrionale de la ville, il y a 
un Stoupa au nord-est de l’endroit ou fut dompte T elephant ivre il y a 
un Stoupa.” Leaving this place, and going some few hundred yards to the 
north-east, one arrives at two small Jama pagodas, built on a peak of the 
hill. The first is dedicated to Hemantu Sadhu, and the second to Mahavira, 
the 24th Tirthankara of the Jainas, who is said to have lived and died at 
Pawapfiri, eight miles north-east of Rajgir. Continuing to ascend the wes- 
tern face of the hill, one looks down on a rocky defile which separates Mount 
Vipula from Ratnagir. There is little difficulty in identifying this from 
the remarks of Hwen Thsang as well as by those of Fah-Hian. The former 
says,$ “ Au nord de l’endroit ou Che-li-tseu (Saripouttra) avait obtenu le 
fruit du Saint (la dignity d ’Arhat), tout pres il y a une fosso large et pro- 
fonde, a cote de laquelle on a elevc mi Stoupa Au nord-est de la fosse 
ardente, a Tangle de la ville entouree de montagnes il y a un Stoupa. En 
cet endroit, le grand modicin Chi-po-lcia (Djivika) bat it en faveur du Boud- 
dha une salle pour Texplication de la loi.” Fah-Hian writes :§ “ To the 
north-east of the city in the middle of a crooked defile, Djivika erected a 
Vihara .. Its ruins still exist.” I believe these places to be identical with 
the remains which I shall presently describe. 
Nearly a quarter of a mile to the east of the pagoda of Mahavira, one 
arrives at the summit of the hill, which is exactly above the centre of the 
“ crooked defile.” At this place is an enormous platform 130 feet long by 
* Ancient Geography, p. 466. f Memoiros, Tom. II., p. 16. 
t Memoires, Tom. II., pp. 18-19. 
§ Beal’s Translation, Chap, xxviii, p. 113. 
