266 A. M. Broadley — The Buddhistic Bemains of Bihar. [No. 3, 
tho-lo-shi-lo-lcin-ho (otherwise rendered, In-t'o-lo-cM-lo-lnin-ho-chan) is spoken 
of as a lofty mountain with “ cavernes et vallees te'nehreuses.”* In the one there 
is no cave — in the other there is. 
I shall speak further on this subject, when I come to discuss the identi- 
fication of Bihar, and hope to adduce such arguments as will put the matter 
beyond the possibility of doubt. 
However this maybe, it is quite certain that the great vihara of the Wild 
Goose was one of the most sacred, andmost popular of the Buddhist mountain- 
monasteries. I find it distinctly mentioned in the inscription of the Ghosra- 
wan Vihara, which dates from about the 9th century of our era. From it we 
learn that the pious Yiradeva, after the completion of numerous acts of reli- 
gious merit, “ erected two crest-jewels in the shape of chaityas on the crown 
of Indra-saila peak, for the good of the world.” 
We must now wend our way towards the convents of the north-east of 
Bihar. 
VII. — The Monasteries of Ghosra'wan and Titra'wan. 
The village of Ghosrawan lies exactly six miles to the north-east of the 
Indra-saila peak at Giryak, eight miles to the cast of the great Nalanda 
monastery, seven miles south-east of the “ isolated rock” of Bihar, and ten 
miles north-east of the ruins of Baj agriha. Although the Buddhist remains 
found at this place are of great interest, and the inscription, which lay 
amongst the debris of its once magnificent vihara, is of more than ordinary 
importance, the name of Ghosrawan does not appear either in the pages 
of Buchanan or in those of the ‘ Ancient Geography of India.’ The modern 
village is inhabited almost entirely by men of the Bhaban caste, who dis- 
tinguished themselves by a small mutiny on their own account during the 
horrors of 1857, which ended in the total destruction of the village by 
fire, and the exile of a great portion of the insurgents. Although many 
years have since passed away, and the poppy and rice lands which surround it, 
arc as luxuriant and fertile as evor, Ghosrawan has never recovered its pros- 
perity, and roofless tenements and blackened ruins still tell the story of this 
“ seven-days war.” The Bhabans, which form such an important component 
of Bihar society, take their origin, according to tradition, from the days of 
Jarasandha’s rule in Rajagriha, and are, down to the present time, as turbu- 
lent and litigious as history represents them to have been in former years. 
The character of the caste has been severely handled by the national 
proverbs of the Bihiiris ;f and I cite two of them below, for they are interest- 
* Vie de Ilwen Tlisang, p. 161. 
1" oli lyj'W Gf 
Bhabans, dogs, and elephants are always fighting amongst themselves. 
Even if a Bhaban swear in the midst of the Ganges stream on the sacred idol, his son’s 
head, and the Shdstras, he can in no way be trusted . 
