277 
1872.] A. M. Broadley — The Buddhistic Remains of Bihdr. 
have been a place, which, in Buddhist times, was second only in importance to 
Nalanda, Rajagriha and Bihar. 
Travelling between three and four miles from Aphsar in a north-westerly 
direction, one arrives at the great mass of ruins which marks the site of the 
Titrawan monastery. Like the neighbouring monastery of Ghosrawan, 
Tit n't wan escaped the notice of Dr. Buchanan, and is barely mentioned 
by General Cunningham in his ‘ Ancient Geography of India.’ A glance 
at the accompanying rough sketch map will shew at once the extent of 
these interesting remains, and will convince the archaeologist that they 
will repay a visit. We may here again return for a moment to Hwen 
Thsang. After leaving the Indra-saila peak, he is stated to have gone 
one hundred and sixty lis to the north east to the monastery, known as Kia- 
pou-te-kia-lan, ortho ‘ Kapotika [/. e., pigeon] vihara.’ Both General Cun- 
ningham and M. Vivien de Saint Martin agree in thinking the reading in- 
correct, and in substituting sixty for one hundred and sixty. This must of 
necessity be done, as the distance given in the text would have brought the pil- 
grim almost close to the bank of the Ganges. Sixty li would coincide ap- 
proximately with the actual distance between Qiryak and Bihar, i. e., from 
ten to twelve miles. Bihar is strictly speaking north-east of Giryak, and 
the identification made by General Cunningham is undoubtedly correct. That 
Hwen Thsang should have omitted to visit Bihar is extremely improba- 
ble ; for wo know of its existence nine centuries before, and its ruins at 
the present day vie in grandeur and extent with the remains of Raja- 
griha and Nalanda. The vihara alluded to by Hwen Thsang appears to 
have been situated at Soh-Sarai, a suburb of the city, distant less than a 
mile from the northern extremity of the “ solitary hill.” At Soh-Sarai, 
I found several figures as well as a series of pillars thirteen feet in height 
[see Chapter VIII.]. I reserve, therefore, any further allusion to Bihar, 
until I come to describe the city itself. After leaving Bihar, Hwen Thsang 
proceeded to another monastery, forty li, or ten miles, to the south-east. The 
vihara in question is described as standing on an isolated hill, and can be most 
satisfactorily identified with Parabati. Yet General Cunningham considers 
that the “ bearing and distance point to the great ruined mound of Titra- 
wan,” although the ruins are situated in a plain, instead of on a hill, and 
there is not the smallest elevation visible within a circuit of five miles. I 
have no doubt that it was via Parabati and Aphsar, and not Titrawan, that 
Hwen Thsang quitted the confines of the kingdom of Magadha. 
Approaching Titrawan from Parabati, one arrives at the Digi Pokhar, 
an enormous tank, running almost due north and south, measuring 2481 
feet by 767. Four hundred and eighty -four feet from the south-east 
corner of the tank is a large mass of ruins, measuring 650 feet by 400. To- 
wards the southern side of this are the foundations of a large brick building 
