W. E. Brooks — Cashmir Birds. 
83 
1871.] 
cinereocapilla is. The males of each are notably distinct. All three are abun- 
dant in the plains of India in the cold weather. The young grey and white 
birds of each moult direct into mature jlava, cinereocapilla or rnelano- 
cephala, as the case may he, as my large series shews. The voice of cinereo- 
capilla differs from that of the other two, and is rather like the note of 
B. citreola. It comes up to Etawah in full plumage, after the other two 
have migrated north. It is curious that it was the only one of the three 
that I met with in Cashmir. I shot numbers every time I fell in with a 
flight, hut never procured either of the other species. These three very 
marked birds have all been confounded under the name of jlava , which is 
simply absurd. My series consists of about 600, shot in every month ex- 
cept June, July and August. 11. jlava can always, whether mature or im- 
mature, he separated from either of the others by its broad white supercili- 
um. The young of cinereocapilla and melanocephala are closely alike. They 
would be difficult to separate until they change some of the head feathers. 
The supercilium of B. jlava is occasionally strongly tinged with sulphur 
yellow, so are the edges of the wing coverts and the margin of the tertials 
when newly moulted ; but this yellow tint wears off, leaving the supercilium 
quite white. All three are subject to yellow margins to wing' feathers. 
Pipastes AiinoitrXR. — Migrates abundantly through Cis-Himalayan 
Cashmir in the end of April and beginning of May. I shot numbers, but 
never met with a single example of the other very distinct species, P. ma- 
culatus, which I did not even hear in Cashmir. It has a long drawn 
sibilant note, never uttered by P. arbor eus, and its haunts are never strictly 
arboreal. The general green tinge ; the green edgings to the tail ; the very 
pure white on the posterior part of the supercilium, which changes to a deep 
buff anterior to the eye ; and the utterly different mode of striation on the 
back', separate this bird from arborcus. Pew people who study the two 
birds will agree with M. Yerreaux that they are one and the same. Mr. 
Hodgson rightly distinguished them. 
Antiius eosasexts, Hodgson, which has been confounded with A. cer- 
vinus, is common on the upland grassy hills of the Cashmir Himalayas, where 
it breeds at and above 10,000 feet elevation. I saw the old birds carrying 
food to their young on the 15th of June. The song of this species is good, 
and second only to that of P. arborcus, as far as a pipit s song goes.* 
* Since I wrote the note on Anth/us rosaceus X have seen Mr. Swinhoe’s paper 
on the birds of China, from whioh I make the following extract. 
“ 208. Anthus cervinus, Pall., Zoograph, i. p. 511 ; Ibis, 1870, p. 317 ; P. Z. S. 
1863, p. 273. 
Anthus ihermophilus, Ibis, 1860, pp. 55, 429 ; 1861, pp. 36, 411 ; 1863, p. 311. 
Anthus Japonicvs, Ibis, 1861, p. 333. 
Throughout China, Hainan, Formosa. It is a mistake to identify the Eu. 
ropean A. Cecilii, Audouin (= A. rafogularis, Brchm), with our eastern A. cervinus. 
