84 
W. E. Brooks — Cashmir Birds. 
[No. 1, 
Sturnts niters, Ilume. 
The “ Stumws unicolor" of Jordon. This is described in the forth- 
coming work which includes the ornithology of the Yarkand expedition. 
It is like S. unicolor, but smaller with shorter wing and more beautiful reflec- 
tions. It is excessively abundant in Cashmir at moderate elevations and 
in the valley, and breeds in holes of trees, and in river banks. The eggs are 
like those of S. vulgaris, but rather smaller. The latter bird occurs plenti- 
fully in the plains of India in the cold weather, and is as profusely spotted 
as English specimens. The bills vaiy in length, and are not longer as a rule 
than those of the British birds. I did not meet with S. vulgaris in Cash- 
mir. It appears to migrate more to the west, for it is said to be common in 
Afghanistan. 8. nitens also occurs hi the plains in the cold season. I have 
Etawali specimens. They are at that time slightly spotted, but can always 
be very easily distinguished from 8. vulgaris. 
Emberiza cia, E. Stewarti and E. eucata, all breed in Cashmir. 
The latter bird has the best song of the three. 
Hesperiphoka. .icterioides. Lays a large egg like a hawfinch. It 
builds in pine trees. 
Carpodacus ergthrinus and Carduelis caniceps had not laid when I 
left in June. They are numerous in Cashmir. The former, by dissection, 
would not lay till late in July, I think. 
Chrysomttrts SEDroiDES. — Frequent on the south side of the Pir Panjal 
pass. This bird is not a siskin, but a greenfinch allied to C. chloris. It does 
not possess the merry song of a siskin, nor any siskin like notes. Its song is 
the characteristic “ beez” of a greenfinch. Any one who has heard the song 
of the English green grosbeak will know what I mean by the “ beez.” The 
“ beez” of the Indian so-called “ Siskin” is, however, far inferior to that of 
the greenfinch. 
Metoponxa pus ill a. — I saw this bird in flocks at Shupyion in May. 
The female as well as the male has a red forehead. They breed late. 
Friygtlauda hemoricola. — Abundant on the grassy upland slopes of 
the Pir Panjal mountain. It breeds there, as they were paired and singing 
Ours is a smaller bird, -vfith shorter wing, and in summer is easily distinguished by 
the rosy hue of its eyebrow and breast, which in the other ar-e rust-colour, the breast 
being streaked with black. The streaks on the flanks, too, in the latter are much 
longer and broader.” 
From tbo above note I conoludo that there are only two species of red-breasted 
pipits, and that tho following are the synonyms : 
1. A. Cecilii, Audouin, ) „ TTT , , . , 
. „ , . _ , l the European or Western bird. 
A. rufogulans, Brehm. J 
and 
2. A. cervinus, Pall. 
A. rosaceus, Hodgson. 
A Japonicus. 
■ The Eastern or Asiatic bird. 
