OrJ, 
aiULLJ^. 
Family  II.  Akdejd^, 
®®cond  Subfamily, 
GRUINiE,  or  Cranes, 
the  Bill 
leiio'th  ^ less  lengthened,  straight,  strong,  with  the  tips  of  both  mandibles  pointed  and  equal 
long  l^^ostrils  placed  in  a deep  groove,  which  extends  beyond  the  middle  of  the  biU  ; the  Wings 
®lende  lei’tials  lengthened  and  pendent ; the  Tail  short  and  even ; the  Tarsi  very  long  and 
’ ll^®  Toes  rather  short. 
Grus  Linn.* 
head,  straight,  both  mandibles  of  equal  length,  with  the  tips  pointed  ; the  sides 
i'^i-cSS^rl  +"L  1 
’^ostriig  ' ^ basal  part  of  the  culmen  flattened,  and  the  apical  part  slightly  curved  to  the  tip  ; the 
^ broad  deep  nasal  groove  which  reaches  beyond  the  middle  of  the  biU,  with  the 
'^^'1  ^iiteriorly,  large,  and  closed  posteriorly  by  a membrane.  Wings  long,  with  the  third 
I'^Ro-  „i  I’liflls  the  longest,  and  the  tertials  lengthened  and  pendent.  Tail  rather  short.  Tarsi  very 
covered  with  transverse  scales.  Toes  rather  short,  the  outer  united  at  the  base  to  the 
th  1 
’ ® J-ateral  ones  equal ; the  hind  toe  very  short  and  elevated  ; the  claws  short  and  strong. 
^hcgg  I 
^1*®  Sea  usually  found  on  extensive  plains,  open  ground  under  cultivation,  marshes,  or  the  muddy  flats 
•'etire  ii.  regularly  migrate  to  the  wanner  parts  of  the  world  during  autumn  and  winter,  but 
•re  to  fi,  * 
the  northern  and 
eastern  parts  to  breed. 
in  summer 
Their  flights  are  performed  during  the  night  in  large  flocks. 
Orally  he.  d ' 
duri  ^ ^ leader,  who  is  followed  by  the  remainder  in  two  diverging  lines,  flying  at  a great  elevation,  and 
difflgyjj.*'®.  ®tormy  weather  loud  cries,  which  are  distinctly  heard  though  the  birds  are  Invisible.  They  find 
heig}^^  ^ rising  from  the  gi-ound,  first  flying  low  and  heavily,  and  after  a time  rising  in  the  air  spirally  to  a 
"^®UU(lgd  the  uround  in  large  circles,  as  if  reconnoitring  the  country  to  a vast  extent  for  fresh  quarters.  When 
severg  J great  courage  in  defending  themselves  from  the  attacks  of  man,  and  have  been  known  to  inflict 
''■ninj^jg  1^^‘^b^with  the  bill.  They  feed  on  grain,  seeds,  worms,  and  insects,  and  also  swallow  mice  and  other 
li 
• surf Tbe  nest  is  usually  made  amongst  the  long  herbage  of  marshy  places,  and  is  raised 
‘ncd 
fig 
posits 
°othe 
'Afd( 
Lit)  Gould's  B.  of  Eur.  pi.  270. 
'^«9eran-  PaH- 
Gnel.  Reiseii.  isg.  t 21.,  Gould’s 
SO.t.l.,  Zoogr.ii.  103.  t.  54. 
3.  g'  f *•  <^01.  467. 
4.  p'  T 
."‘".‘U-  PI.  col  555. 
B.  of  Eur. 
P^karis  Vieill.  Lath.  Syn.  v.  82.  t.  78.  — 
•Jf.  J^PQp  1l»„ ^ 
besc.  Mam.  p.  4,7.,  icon.  ined.  t.  1 15. 
6.  G. 
amencana 
The  female 
(Linn.)  Briss.  PI.  enl.  88,Q.,  Edwards’s  Birds, 
to  ground,  sometimes  to  the  height  of  the  body  when  standing,  composed  of  grasses  and  reeds,  &c., 
materials.  They  sometimes  form  their  nests  on  the  tops  of  ruins  and  houses. 
I which  each  sex  alternately  stands  -while  the  other  is  engaged  in  watching. 
Am  • 
'«lea  f. 
' G , I^inti.  • 
•'ewcoo..._  ’ ^'ms  vulgaris  Pfl/l.  pi.  132.,  Wils.  Amer.  Orn.  pi.  64.  f.  3.  — Grus  Struthio  Wax/l.-, 
Ardea  canadensis  Linn.,  Edwards’s  Birds,  pi.  133. ; Grus  polio- 
plisea  Wagl. ; Grus  mexicana  Briss.  Audub.  B.  of  Amer.  pi.  226. 
261. 
7.  G.  Antigone  (Linn.)  Edwards’s  Birds,  pi.  45.  — Grus  orien- 
talis  Franld.  Gal.  des  Ois.  t.  256. } 
8.  G.  torquata  Vieill.  PI.  enl.  865. — Ardea  Antigone  \ar. 
Lath. 
‘'’*siou  Was  fi 
Linn.vus  (Sgstema  Naturte)  in  1735  ; but  I had  by  mistake  confounded  his  type,  and  proposed 
’ J O'^  1 , 
