TRINGIN^:. 
During  the  spring  the  male  is  furnished  with  a curious  appendage  on  each  side  of  the  neck ; while  thus  ornamented  d 
is  very  irritable,  and  fights  every  male  bird  that  appears  in  view  with  great  determination  and  obstinacy,  until  one  e 
them  betakes  itself  to  flight,  but  its  fears  are  soon  dispelled,  and  it  renews  the  conflict  as  soon  as  another  appears. 
food  Is  sought  for  during  the  night ; it  consists  of  worms,  insects,  and  their  larvae.  The  nest  is  formed  of  coarse  giasSj 
and  is  placed  in  a hollow  on  the  ground.  The  eggs  are  generally  four  in  number. 
P.  pugnax  (Linn.)  PI.  enl.  300.  305,  306.  844.,  Gould,  B.  of  ! tanus  indicus  Gray,  111.  Ind.  Zool.  pi.  52.  f.  I.  ; Limosa  Hardwi'^ki 
Eur.  pi.  328.  — Tringa  variegata  Brun. ; T.  equestris  Lath.  ; T.  I Gray,  111.  Ind.  Zool.  pi.  52.  f.  2. 
grenovicensis  Lath. ; T.  rufescens  Bechst. ; T.  littorea  Gmel. ; To-  { 
Tringa  Linn.*' 
Bill  as  long  as,  or  longer  than,  the  head,  straight,  slender,  with  the  sides  compressed  at  the  base, 
rather  dilated  and  depressed  at  the  tip ; the  nostrils  placed  in  a nasal  groove,  which  extends  to  near 
tip,  basal,  lateral,  and  longitudinal.  Wings  moderate  and  pointed,  with  the  first  quill  the  longest. 
rather  short,  and  nearly  even.  Tarsi  strong,  rather  long,  and  covered  in  front  with  transverse  scale®' 
Toes  moderate,  slightly  united  at  the  base  of  the  outer  toe,  and  all  margined  on  the  sides  by  a membi’^'ne  > 
the  hind  toe  very  small  and  elevated. 
of 
The  marine  marshes  and  the  sea  shores,  as  well  as  the  borders  of  inland  lakes  and  rivers,  of  the  more  genial 
the  world  are  frequented  during  the  winter  by  the  birds  that  compose  this  genus.  They  retire  in  large  flocks  to 
colder  latitudes  on  the  return  of  the  summer  months.  It  is  on  the  shores,  after  the  recess  of  the  tide,  in  company 
other  species,  that  these  birds  are  seen  collecting  their  food  from  the  refuse  of  the  ocean,  or  quietly  and  intently  pi’nk‘®» 
the  moist  sands  for  worms  and  small  shellfish,  or  quickly  running  before  the  advancing  surge  and  profiting  by  ' 
leaves  behind  In  its  retreat. 
1.  T.  cnniUus  Linn.  PI.  enl.  366.  365.,  Gould,  B.  of  Eur.  pi.  324. 
— Tringa  cinerea  Briin.  ; T.  islanclicus,  T.  naevia,  et  T.  austr.ilis 
Gmel ; T.  glareola  Pali ; T.  ferruginea  Meyer  Sf  Wolf;  T.  rufa 
Wils.  Amer.  Orn.  pi.  57.  f.  2. 5.,  Audub.  B.  of  Amer.  315.  ; T.  grisea 
Gmel 
2.  T.  maritima  Briin.  Orn.  Bor  No.  182.,  Gould,  B,  of  Eur.pl. 
344.  — Tringa  nigricans  Mont.  ; T.  arquatella  Pall,  Audub.  B.  of 
Amer.  pi.  284. 
3.  T.  rufescens  Vieill.  N.  Diet.  d’Hist.  Nat.  xxxiv.  470.,  Gould, 
B.  of  Eur.  pi  326.,  Audub.  B.  of  Amer.  pi.  265.,  Linn.  Trans,  xvi. 
p.  1 10.  pi.  11. 
4.  T.  leiicoptera  Gmel.  Lath.  Syn.  v.  pi.  82. — Tringa  pyrrhotra;a 
Forst.  Desc.  Anim.  p.  174.,  Icon.  ined.  120. 
5.  T.  melanotus  Vieill.  Ency.  M^th.  p.  1088.  — Tringa  dorsalis 
Licht.  Meyen,  Nov.  Acta,  1839,  Azara  No.  401. 
6.  T . platyrhyncha  Temm.  Gould,  B.  of  Eur.  pi.  331.  — Tringa 
eloroides  Vieill;  Liraicola  pygmaeus  Koch;  Type  of  Limicola 
Kaup  (181 6). 
7.  T.  cinclus  Linn.  PI.  enl.  852.,  Gould,  B.  of  Eur.  pi.  329.  — 
Tringa  alpina  JJnn.  ; T.  ruflcollis  Gmel ; Numenius  variabilis 
Bechst.  Audub.  B.  of  Amer.  290.,  Wils.  Amer.  Orn.  pi.  57.  f.  3.  pi. 
56.  f.  2.  ; T.  variabilis  Meyer  ; Scolopax  pusilla  Gmel.  ; T.  salina 
Pall.  Zoogr.  ii.  199.  t.  6l.  Type  of  Schoeniclus  Mcehr.  (1752). 
8.  T.  Schinzti  Brehm.  Gould,  B.  of  Eur.  pi.  330., 
Amer.  Orn.  pi.  24.  f.  2.,  Audub.  B.  of  Amer.  pi.  278.  ; Peh‘t'’* 
clusvar.Any. 
9.  T.  peetora/isSay,  Pr.  Bonap.  Amer.  Orn.  iii.  pi.  23.  «• 
B.  of  Eur.  pi.  327.,  Audub.  B.  of  Amer.  pi.  294.  — Tringa  ca  f 
tris  Licht.  9 ; T.  fuscicollis  Vieill  ? ; Azara  No.  404. 
10.  ? T.  australis  Jard.  & Selby,  111.  Ornith.  pi.  91-  j 
11.  T.  minutm  Leisl.  Nachtr.  i.  74.,  Gould,  B.  of  Em-  P ' 
— Tringa  pusilla  Afep.  Wolf;  T.  cinclus  Pall;  Type 
dromus  Aatjp(l829).  - j.  pi. 
12.  T.  Temminckii  Leisl.  Nachtr.  i.  65.,  Gonld,  B.  et 
333.,  Temm.  PI.  col.  41.  f.  1.  — Tringa  pusilla  Bechst.',  ^ 
Leimonites  Kaup  (1829).  ,•  CiV' 
13.  T.  al<iesfe«»  (Temm.)  PI.  col.  4 1 . f.  2. — .Calidris  austta 
14.  T.  pusilla  Wils.  Amer.  Orn.  pi.  37.  f.  4.  — T. 
15.  } T.  minutilla  Vieill.  N.  Diet.  Hist.  Nat.  xxxiv.  466."'' 
doininicensis  Steph.  j ggg, 
16.  T.  subarquata  Gmel.  PI.  enl.  851.,  Gould,  B.  et  E“''' 
— Tringa  ferruginea  Briin. ; T.  islandica  Rets.;  ScolopaX  ■*  . 
Gmel. ; Sc.  cafFra  Forst,  Desc.  Anim.  p.  49.  ct  Icon,  i®* 
Tringa  falcinella  Pall. ; Scolopax  pygmsea  Gmel.  Penn. 
pi.  1 1.,  Boys’s  Sandw.  pi.  p.  . ; Numenius  pygmseus 
B.  of  Amer.  pi.  263.  ; Erolia  varia  Vieill  Pi.  col.  510.  1 
Linnreus  established  this  genus  in  1735  {Syst.  Nat.).  It  is  coequal  with  Calidris  of  Cuvier  (1817),  and  Canutus 
Icinell- 
hrolia  of  Vieillot  (1816)  and  its  synonyme  of  Falcinellns  of  Cuvie 
of  Ay  .pjjis 
(1830).  It  embraces  the  following  generic  names  of  M.  Kaup,  Ancylocheilu.'i,  Leimonites,  Actodromus,  and  Falcinellns  (t®^^^^‘('jgl7) 
latter  name  is  synonymous  with  Limicola  Koch  (1816). 
also  form  part  of  this  genus. 
