GRALL^. 
Ord 
fourth  Family, 
PALAMEDEIDiE,  or  Screamers, 
i^avo  th  T^* 
'Epical  ^ generally  long  and  slender,  with  the  culmen  rather  depressed,  straight  at  the  base,  the 
^^gulated  overhanging  that  of  the  lower  mandible ; the  gonys  short  and  sometimes 
and  ' lateral,  generally  placed  near  the  middle  of  the  bill,  and  longitudinal;  the  Wings 
and^^^^^^^^^  armed  at  the  shoulder  with  an  acute  spine  or  blunt  tubercle;  the  Tail  generally 
'^th  Iqjj  rounded ; the  Tarsi  long  and  slender ; the  Toes  very  long,  slender,  and  furnished 
lor,  ^ straight,  or  short  and  slightly  curved,  claws ; the  hind  toe  long,  furnished  ivith  a more  or 
and  acute  claw. 
fiftij  Subfamily, 
PARRINiE,  or  Jacanas, 
Tth^  ^ith  the  culmen  straight  at  the  base,  and  vaulted  at  the  tip,  which  is 
small  groove  long  and  narrow,  and  the  opening  of  the  nostrils  placed  in  the  middle  of  the 
and  naore  or  less  long  and  pointed  ; the  Tail  generally  short ; the  Tarsi 
toe.  ^ ^nder ; the  Toes  very  long,  slender,  and  armed  with  long  slender  claws,  especially  the  hind 
Parra  Linn/' 
^ill 
and  slender,  with  the  culmen  straight  from  the  base,  and  slightly 
tile  curved  to  the  tip,  which  is  entire  ; the  sides  compressed ; the  lateral  margins  straight,  and 
gonys  h — v^uiupicaocu. , Liic  luiorai  luargms  srraignt,  ana 
groove  and  angulated  ; the  nostrils  small,  oval,  medial,  and  placed  in  a lengthened 
short  rather  shorter  than  the  second,  the  third  the  longest.  Tail 
^^^ader-  partly  concealed  by  the  coverts.  Tarsi  as  long  as  the  middle  toe  without  claw,  rather 
toe . transverse  scales.  Toes  very  long  and  slender,  the  outer  rather  longer  than  the 
base  long ; the  claws  long,  especially  that  of  the  hind  toe,  which  is  extremely  acute, 
bill,  and  more  or  less  of  the  head,  denuded,  and  furnished  with  caruncles. 
riverg  ^ccted  birds  are  found  in  the  warmer  parts  of  Asia,  Africa,  and  America.  They  frequent  the  marshes, 
ponds,  generally  in  pairs  or  small  flocks ; and  their  shy  and  timorous  habits  induce  them,  when 
by  Lj 
of  in  1766.  Brisson  had  in  1 760  employed  Jacana  for  this  series  of  birds.  It  embraces  Hydrahctor  and 
