LARiNJi. 
1.  L.  glaucus  Briin.  Orn.  Bor.  p.  44.^  Naum.  Vog.  t.  So.,  Gould, 
B.  of  Eur.  pi.  432.,  Audub.  B.  of  Amer.  pi.  396.  — Larus  glacialis 
et  L.  giganteus  Benich  ; L.  consul  Boie  ; L.  leucopterus  Vieill, 
2.  L.  marinus  Linn.  PI.  enl.  266.  990.,  Gould,  B.  of  Eur.  pi.  430. 
■ Larus  naevius  Omel. ; L.  maculatus  Bodd.  ; L.  maxiraus,  L. 
Mulleri  et  L.  Fabricii  Brehm.  Audub.  B.  of  Amer.  pi.  241. 
3.  L.  leucopterus  Faber,  Prod,  der  Isl.  Orn.  91  •>  Gould,  B.  of  Eur. 
pi.  433.  — Larus  islandicus  Edmond,  j L.  argentatus  Sabine  ; L. 
glacialis  et  L.  arcticus  Maegill. ; L.  glaucoides  Temm. 
4.  L.  argentatus  Brun.  Orn.  Bor.  44.,  PI.  enl.  253.  — Larus 
glaucus  Benich. ; Laroides  major,  L.  argentatus,  L.  argenteus,  L. 
argentatoides,  et  L.  argentaceus  Brehm.  Gould,  B.  of  Eur.  pi.  434., 
Audub.  B.  of  Amer.  pi.  291. ; TyP®  Laroides  Brehm  (1830). 
5.  } L.  cachinnans  Pall.  Zoogr.  ii.  p.  318. 
6.  h.fuscus  Linn.  Naum.  Voy.  t.  36.  f.  51.,  Gould,  B.  of  Eur. 
pi.  431.  — Larus  flavipes  Meg.  4'  Wolf. 
7.  L.  dominicanus  Licht.  Cat.  Dupl.  Berl.  Mas.  No.  846.,  Azara 
No.  499. 
8.  L.  pacijicus  Lath.  Lamb.  Icon.  ined.  ii.  92.  — Larus  leucomelas 
Vieill.  Ency.  Mcth.  t.  234.  f.  4.  ; L.  Georgii  Vigors ; L.  bathy- 
thynchus  Maegill. ; L.  frontalis  Vieill.  ? 
9.  L.  crassirostris  Vieill.  N.  Diet.  Hist.  Nat.  xxi.  508.,  Krusenst. 
^oy.  aut.  du  Monde  t.  57.  — Larus  melanurus  Temm.  PI.  col.  459. 
10.  L.  ichthyactus  Pall.  Reise,  ii.  713.,  Zoogr.  ii.  322.  t.  77., 
R'Upp.  Atlas,  t.  17.  — Ichthyaetus  Pallasi  Kaup  ; L.  kroikocephalus 
'fames. ; Type  of  Icbthyaetus  Kaup  (1829). 
11.  L.  hcematorhynchus  King,  Zool.  Journ.  iv.  103.,  Jard.  & 
Selby,  111.  Orn.pl.  106.  — Larus  Scoresbii  Trail. 
12.  h.  fuligino,nis  Gould,  Voy.  of  Beagle,  Birds,  p.  141. 
13.  L.  nov(S  hollandice  Stepb.  Gen.  Zool.  xiii.  196.  — Larus 
Jamesoni  Wils.  111.  of  Zool.  pi.  23.  ; L.  scopolinus  Forst.  Desc. 
Anira.  p.  106.  et  Icon.  ined.  IO9. 
14.  L.  canus  Linn.  PI.  enl.  977.,  Gould,  B.  of  Eur.  pi.  437 
Larus  cyanorbynchus  Meg.  &;  Wolf;  L.  hybernus  Gmel. ; L.  pro- 
*^6llus  Bechst. 
15.  L.  zonorhynchus  Ricb.  & Sw.  Faun.  Bor.  Amer.  p.  421., 
•A-udub.  B.  of  Amer.  pi.  42.  — Larus  bracbyrbynchus  Rich.  4-  Sw. 
16.  L.  occidentalis  Aud.  Orn.  Biogr.  v.  320. 
17.  L.  Audouinii  Payr.  Ann.  des  Sci.  Nat.  1826.  460.,  Faun. 
Franc,  t.  172.  f.  1.,  Gould,  B.  of  Eur.  pi.  438.,  PI.  col.  480. 
1 8.  L.  pygmatus  St.  Vine.  Exp.  de  la  More'e,  Ois.  t.  5. 
19.  h.  ridibundus  Linn.  PI.  enl.  969,  970.,  Gould,  B.  of  Eur. 
pi.  425.  — Larus  cinerarius  et  L.  erytbropus  Gmel.  ; L.  atricilla  et 
L.  naevia  Ball.  ; Sterna  obscura  Lath. ; L.  canescens  Bechst. ; L.  ca- 
pistratus  Temm.  Gould,  B.  of  Eur.  pi. ; Type  of  Chroicocephalus 
Eyton  (1836). 
20.  L.  melanocephalus  Temm.  Man.  p.  777.,  Stor.  degli  Uec.  t. 
527.  526.  528.,  Gould,  B.  of  Eur.  pi.  427. 
21.  L.  Bonapartei  Rich.  & Sw.  Faun.  Bor.  Amer.,  Audub.  B.of 
Amer.  pi.  324 Larus  capistratus  Br.  Bonap. 
22.  L.  Franhlinii  Rich.  & Sw.  Faun.  Bor.  Amer.  424.  pi.  17. 
Larus  atricilla  Sabine. 
23.  L.  pipixean  Ws.g\.  Isis,  1831.515. 
24.  L.  atricillus  Linn.  Gould,  B.  of  Eur.  pi.  426.  — Larus 
ridibundus  Wils.  Amer.  Orn.  pi.  74.  f.  4.  ; L.  major  Catesby ; L. 
poliocephalus  Temm.?  Audub.  B.  of  Amer.  pi.  314. ; L.  albus 
Scop. 
25.  L.  leucopthalmus  Licht.  PI.  col.  366. 
26.  L.  gelastes  Licht.  Thien.  Fortpfl.  Vog.  Eur.  v.  22.  — Larus 
tenuirostris  Temm  ; L.  cinerarius  Ball. ; L.  leucocephalus  Boiss.  ; 
L.  Genei  Breme. ; L.  Lambruschinii  Br.  Bonap.  Faun.  Ital.  Ois.  t. 
27.  L.  brunneicephalus  3&cCl.  Madr.  Journ.  1840.  225. 
28.  L.  cirrocephalus  YiciW.  N.  Diet. Hist.  Nat.  xxi.  502.,  Gal.  des 
Ois.  t.  289.  — Larus  maculipennis  Licht. ; L.  poliocephalus  Br. 
Max.;  L.  glaucotes  Meyen,  Nov.  Act.  1834.  t.  24.;  L.  albipennis 
Licht.  Azara  No.  410.  411. 
29.  L. . — L.  poliocephalus  Swains.  B.  of  W.  Afr.  ii.  245 
pi.  29. 
30.  L.  melanorhynchus  Temm.  PI.  col.  504. 
31.  L.  ierrareus  Tschudi,  Faun.  Peruana,  p.  54. 
32.  L.  ReMm  Vigors,  Zool.  Journ.iv.  358. 
33.  L.  modestus  Tschudi,  laun.  Peruana,  p.  54.  — L.  Bridgesii 
Bras. 
34.  L.  mimitus  Pall.  Reise,  iii.  704 Larus  atricilloides  Ealh. 
Reise,  t.  24.,  Gould,  B.  of  Eur.  pi.  428. ; Type  of  Hydrocolaus 
Kaup  (1829). 
35.  L.  D'Orbignyi  Aud.  Hist  de  I’Egypt.  Ois.  t.  9.  f.  3. 
36.  h.  nigrotis  Less.  Tr.  d’Orn.  p.  619. 
37-  ? L.  pulo  condor  Lath.  Sparrm.  Mus.  Carls,  t. 
Xema  Leach.* 
Lill  shorter  than  the  head,  rather  slender,  and  the  sides  compressed,  with  the  culmen  straight  at  the 
base,  but  curved  to  the  tip ; the  gonys  angulated  and  advancing  upwards ; the  nostrils  basal,  lateral,  and 
longitudinal.  Wings  very  long  and  pointed,  with  the  first  quill  the  longest.  moderate  and  forked. 
Tv  , 
as  long  as  the  middle  toe,  strong,  and  covered  in  front  with  transverse  scales.  Toes  moderate,  and 
the  anterior  ones  united  by  a full  web ; the  hind  toe  short  and  elevated. 
The  type  is  peculiar  to  the  arctic  circle  of  both  continents,  where  it  is  observed  to  seek  its  food  from  the  sea  beach, 
^^andmg  near  the  edge  of  the  water,  and  gleaning  the  marine  insects  from  the  refuse  which  is  cast  on  shore.  It  migrates 
vt  wards  on  the  approach  of  hard  winter.  The  eggs  are  generally  two  in  number,  and  are  placed  on  the  bare  surface 
the  rocks. 
Established  by  Leacb  in  1818  (Linn.  Trans,  xii.  520.). 
