THE BIRDS OF AUSTRALIA. 
Penguinus “ demersus ” Mathews, Nov. Zool., XVII., p. 495 (1910). 
Distribution. Coasts of New South Wales ; Victoria ; South and West Australia ; 
Tasmania (New Zealand, Campbell, Antipodes and Bounty Is.). 
Adult male. General colour of the upper-surface dark bluish-grey ; a line of yellow feathers 
from the lores over the eye, where it is elongated into a crest on the sides of the crown, 
mixed with black ; throat and sides of face dusky black ; remainder of under-surface 
white ; flippers white below, more or less blackish on the outer margin and tip ; 
“ Bill orange ; iris deep pink ; toes and tarsus white ” (Kidder). Total length, 
497 mm exposed portion of culmen, 43 ; flipper, 147 ; tarsus, 30 ; middle toe 
and claw, 63. 
Adult female. Similar to the adult male. 
Nestling. “ Head, throat, hind-neck, and upper-parts — ^that is to say the surface that is 
coloured in the adult — covered with short sooty-black down, and the under-parts 
with short white down ; bill whitish-horn colour ; feet pale brown ” (Buller). 
Young. “ Differs from the adult in being appreciably smaller in size, and in having a 
whitish-grey throat ; the long crests are absent, being represented by a tuft of feathers 
little more than half an inch in length, commencing immediately above the eyes 
and extending back one and half inches towards the occiput, and being pale lemon- 
yellow, with blue tips. Bill black, with reddish-brown tips ” (Buller). 
Immature. Birds have the throat ashy white and the superciliary line yeUowish-white, but 
no pronounced crest (Tring Museum). 
Nest. No nest is built. 
Eggs. Clutch, one or two. Ground-colour pale green, covered with a coating of lime. 
Axis, 62 mm., diameter, 45. 
Breeding season. November and December (Authors). Length of incubation about six 
weeks (Sir WyviUe Thomson). 
This bird has from time to time been taken on the southern coast of Australia. 
Mr. Campbell* says they commence to arrive on Macquarie Island about 
the beginning of November. “ Some eggs are laid by the middle of that month. 
The nesting places are amongst the tumble-down boulders, the pair of eggs being 
deposited on the bare ground or rock. It is remarkable that the first egg laid 
should be smaller than the other. The old birds take their young away in 
March, the former returning to moult in May, and finally leaving about the 
middle of June. It may not be generally known that a Penguin takes exactly 
twenty-eight days to moult.” 
Waite| gives the following account of this form : “ This species occurs on 
all our southern islands, and was the only Penguin I saw on Disappointment 
Island. It was at the Antipodes that I found it to be the most numerous, and 
had the best opportunities of observing it. 
“ The beach where we landed was piled up with huge rounded boulders, 
and was reached by the rowing boats through a broad band of kelp. As we put 
* Nests and Eggs Austr. B., p. 1007 (1901). 
^Suhant. Isl. N.Z., p. 576 (1909). 
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