TURDINiE. 
shorter than the middle toe, rather strong, and covered in front with an entire scale. Toes rather long 
and strong ; the outer toe rather longer than the inner, and united at the base ; the hind toe long and 
strong; the claws moderate, curved, and acute. 
The species inhabit Nepal and the Indian Archipelago. 
X. Z monticola Vigors, Proc. Z. S. 1831. p. 172., Gould, Cent, j 2. Z. Andromeda (Temm.) Hartl. PI. col. 3,92 Typo of My' 0 " 
of Birds, pi. 22. — Turdus rostratus Hodgs. | phaga Less. 1831. 
Turdus Linn.* 
Bill as long, or nearly as long, as the head, with the culmen curved, and the sides gradually 
compressed to the tip, which is emarginated ; the gonys long, and rather ascending ; the gape furnished 
with short weak bristles ; the nostrils basal and lateral, with the opening oval and exposed. Wings 
moderate; with the first quill very short; the second rather shorter than the third and fourth, 
which are equal, and longest. Tail moderate, broad, and slightly emarginated. Tarsi as long as the 
middle toe, and covered in front by an entire scale. Toes moderate ; the outer toe rather longer than 
the inner, and slightly united at the base ; the claws moderate, curved, and acute. 
f 
These birds are found in all parts of the globe. They are of a shy disposition, and are in a greater or less degree ° 
migratory habits : thus the European species appear in the more temperate parts during the winter, when several 
of the species are observed in large flocks, and return to the northern countries on the approach of summer. Some o 
the species more usually frequent the forests, outskirts of woods, the thickets and bushes of extensive pastures and 
meadows, while others prefer rocky mountainous countries for their retreat. Worms, larvae of insects, and the animals 
of shells form their chief subsistence, while in the winter they resort to the berries of various plants. Many of ^ 
species emit a loud whistling note, which during some seasons is turned into a pleasing song, that is usually p° ure 
forth from the highest branches of small trees. The nest is formed of coarse grass and moss, or wool closely 
interwoven, with the inside sometimes plastered with a composition of rotten wood and clay. It is usually placed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 
bushes, or on the sides of large trees. The eggs are four or five in number. 
1. T. viscivorus Linn. PI. enl. 489., Gould, B. of Eur. pi. 77 
Type of Ixocossyphus Kaup (1829). 
2. T. pilaris Linn. PI. enl. 49O. Gould, B. of Eur. pi. 76. — 
Turdus musicus Pall. ; Type of Arceuthornis Kaup (1829). 
3. T. musicus Linn. PI. enl. 406., Gould, B. of Eur. pi. 78. f. 1. 
— Turdus pilaris Pall. 
4. T. iliacus Linn. PI. enl. 51., Gould, B. of Eur. pi. 78. f. 2. 
5. T. pallidus Gmel. Gould, B. of Eur. pi. 80. — Turdus pallens 
Pall. ; T. iliacus var. pallidus Naum. 
6. T. auroreus Pall. Zoogr. i. p. 448. — Turdus Bechsteinii 
Naum. Vog. Deutsclil. t. 69. f. 2. ; Type of Cichloides Kaup 
(1829). 
7. T. varius Horsf. Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 149. Zool. Res. in Java, 
pi. . — Type of Oreocincla Gould (1837). 
8. T . lunulatus Lath. Lamb. Icon. ined. ii. 41. — Oreocin 
novae hollandite Gould ; Turdus varius Fig. fy Horsf. 
9- T. macrochynchus Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1837, P- 145- g f 
10. T. Whitei Eyton, Rarer Brit. Birds, p. 92., Gould, 
Eur - pL 8L „ . Tu rdu S 
11. ? T. Daunta Lath. — Turdus varius ( Horsf. \ ) Blyth, 
Whitei ( Eyton ) Hodgs. ; Oreocincla parvirostris Gould. 
12. T. mollissimus Blyth, Journ. A. S. B. 1842, P- j 9 . 
Oreocincla rostrata Hodgs. Ann. of Nat. Hist. xv. 326. ; ruid uS 
civorus Hodgs. ; T. oreocinclo'ides Hodgs. 
13. T. micropus Hodgs. App. List of Mamn. and Birds, P- 
14. T. modestus Eyton, Proc. Z. S. 1839- P- 103- , r,o. 
15. T. merula Linn. PI. enl. 2. 555. Gould, B. of Eur. 1 
— Merula vulgaris Ray ; Type of Merula Leach (181 60' 
• f pf, - 
* Established by Linnteus in 1735. Merula of Leach (181 6), Ixocossyphus, Arceuthornis, Cichloides, and Copsichus °' p etro cind a 
(1829) are coequal. It embraces Monticola of M. Boie (1842) ; this name he changed to Petrocossyphus in 1826, with whic 1 Q ro cet eS 
of Vigors is synonymous. Petrophila of Mr. Swainson (1837), which name, having already been employed, was changed by me 
in 1840, and also Geocichla of Dr. Kuhl (182?) are synonymous with the name given above. 
7 G 
Raul' 
