TURDINTE. 
99- T. saxatilis Linn. PI. enl. 562. — Lanius infaustus Omet. ; 
Saxicola montana Koch ; Type of Petrocossyphus Boie (1826). 
100. T. manillensis Bodd. PI. enl. 636. — Turdu manillensis 
Gniel. ; T. olivaceus Bodd. PI. enl. 564. f. 2. ; Petrocincla pandoo 
et P. maal Sykes. 
101. T. philippensis Bodd. PI. enl. 339. — Turdus eremita Gmel. 
102. T. melanotus Dubus, Bull. Acad. Sc. Brux. 1839, pt. 1. 
p. 50 6. t. 
103. T. rupestris Vieill. Levaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 101, 102. — 
Turdus rupicola Licht. ; P. rocar Steph. ; Petrocincla montana 
Swains. 
104. T. explorator Vieill. Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. t. 103 Turdus 
perspicax Shaw, Nat. Misc. pi. 96l. 
105. T. cinclorhynchus Vigors, Gould. Cent, of B. pi. 19- — 
Petrophila cyanocephala Swains. 
10 6. T. castaneocoliis Lep. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 166. 
107. T. aurantiventer Lep. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 166. 
108. T. citrinus Lath. PI. col. 445. — Turdus cyanotus Jard- 
Selby, 111. Orn. pi. 46. ; Type of Geocichla Kuhl (182?). 
109. T. rubecula Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1836, p. 7. 
110. T. interprcs Kuhl, PI. col. 458. 
111. T. rubiginosuS Mull.&Seh. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederl.p. 172- 
112. T. unicolor Tick. Jour. A. S. B. 1 1. p. 577. 
113. T ■ ? — ? Turdus unicolor Gould, 1837, p. 136.; T. 
modestus Blyth. 
114. T .flavirostris Swains. Mag. Phil. 1827, P- 369. 
Bessqnoknis Smith.* 
Bill more or less short, with the culmen gradually curved, and the sides compi’essed to the tip) 
which is emarginated ; the gonys moderate and ascending ; the lateral margins nearly straight : 
the nostrils lateral and basal, with the opening oval, placed in a small membraneous groove, and partly 
covered by the projecting feathers. Wings moderate and rounded, with the fourth or fifth quid 
the longest. Tail more or less long, broad, and rounded. Tarsi rather longer than the middle toe, 
slender, and covered in front 'with an entire scale, or with several slightly divided scales. Togs 
moderate and weak ; with the outer longer than the inner one, and united at the base ; the hind toe 
long ; the claws moderate, curved, and acute. 
These birds are found throughout the continent of Africa. They inhabit the borders of woods or high brushwood 
that grows in the neighbourhood of rivers. Their food consists of insects, which they actively seek for among d |C 
foliage ; but some species arc more frequently seen on the ground searching for the same kind of subsistence. Wh crl 
engaged in this occupation they often raise and depress the tail by jerks, and now and then spread and elevate d ie 
wings at the same time. 
1. B. vociferans (Swains.) Zool. Illustr. pi. 179., Levaill. Ois. 
d’Afr. t. 104. ; Turdus reclamator Vieill. 
2. B. phcenicurus (Gmel.) Levaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 1 11. — Motacilla 
pectoralis Shaw, Nat. Misc. pi. 965. ; Saxicola supereiliaris Licht. ; 
Petrocincla superciliosa Swains. 
3. B. natalcnsis (Smith) 111. Zool. S. Afr. Birds, pi. 
4. B. humeralis (Smith) 111. Zool. S. Afr. Birds, pi. 
5. B. albicapilla (Vieill.) N. Diet. d’Hist. Nat. xx. p. 254. 
Petrocincla leucoceps Swains. B. of W. Afr. 1 . p. 282. 
6. B. ? — Petrocincla albicapilla Swains. B. of IT. A 1 r • 
pi. 32. 
CrCt 
7. B. semirufa (Rupp.) Faun. Abyss, p. 81., Syst, Uebers. 
t. 21 Cossypha nigricapilla Over. 
8. B. gutturalu (Guer.) Rev. Zool. 1843, p. l62. 
9. B. poensis (Strickl.) Ann. Nat. Hist. xv. p. 126. 
10. B. brevipes (YVaterh.) App. Alex. Exped. Disc. S. Afr- 
Mimes. j~ 
Bill rather long and straight or slightly curved, with the culmen curved and the sides gradually 
compressed to the tip, which is more or less emarginated ; the gonys long, and rather ascending ^ je 
* This division was originally established by Vigors under the name of Cossypha (1825), which, being previously employed, occassioned m 
to adopt Dr. Smith’s name as given above. 
f Established by Boie in 1826. Orpheus of Mr. Swainson (1827) is synonymous. It embraces Toxostoma of YVagler (1831), " 
which Harpes of Mr. Gambel (1845) is coequal. 
