PYCNONOTIim 
and rather rounded. Tarsi as long as the middle toe, and rather strong, with the front covered by an 
undivided scale. Toes moderate ; the lateral toes nearly equal ; the hind toe rather long, strong, and 
armed with a long curved claw. 
The species are found in the southern parts of Europe, also in Africa, Asia, and its archipelago. They frequent the 
trees in open places, in pairs or in small parties ; and are usually observed actively hopping from branch to branch, while 
m search of fruits, berries, and insects, which constitute their food. They sometimes commit great depredations in 
gardens, flying from tree to tree in a direct line, with a quick flapping of the wings, usually uttering at the same time a 
whistling note. They have also the power of imitating the cries of various other birds. 
1. P. dispar (Ilorsf.) Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 150., PI. col. 137. 
2. P. gularis Gould, Proe. Z. S. 1835. p. 18 6. 
3. P. rubineus Jerd. Madr. Journ. Lit. and Sci. 1839. P- 246. 
4. P ,/avirictus Strickl. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1844. p. 413. 
5. P. xantliolcemus Jerd. Madr. Journ. 1844. p. 122. 
6. P. Finlaysoni Strickl. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1844. p. 411. 
7. P. leucogenys (Gray), 111. Ind. Zool. pi. 35. f. 3. — Ixos 
plumigerus Lafr. ; Htematornis cristatus Burn. 
8. P. leucotis Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1836. p. 6. 
9- P. plumiferus Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1837. p. 137. 
10. P. striatus (Blytli), Journ. A. S. B. 1842. p. 184. — Alco- 
Pus (Sibia) nipalensis Hodgs. 
11. P. euptilotus (Jard. & Selby), 111. Orn. pi. 3. 
12. P. priocephulus (Jerd.) Madr. Journ. Lit. and Sci. 1833. p. 
246. 
13. P . flaviventris (Tick.) — Brachypus melanocephalus Gray, 
111. Ind. Orn. pi. 35. f. 1. ; Type of Alcurus Hodgs. (1844). 
14. P. melanocephalus (Gmel.) Lath. Gen. Syn. pi. 6. — Turdoi- 
des atriceps Temm. PI. col. 
15. P. metallicus (Eyton), Ann. Nat. Hist. 1845. 228. 
16. P. cyaniventris Blyth, Journ. A. S. B. 1842. p. 792. — Ma- 
lacopteron aureum Eyton ; Type of Ixidia Blyth (1846). 
17. P. squamatus (Temm.) PI. col. 453. f. 2. 
18. P. inornatus (Fras.) Proc. Z. S. 1843. p. 27. 
19- P- Icucogrammicus (Mull.) Tydsch. 1835. p. 352. 
20. P. tympanistriyus (Mull.) Tydsch. 1835. p. 353. 
21. P. Fisquetii (Eyd. & Sonlcy), Voy. de la Bonite, Ois. t. 5. 
22. P. Yourdini (Homb. & Jacq.) Voy. au Pole Sud, Ois. t. 
14. f. i. 
23. P. simplex Less. Rev. Zool. 1839. p. 1 67. 
24. P ,/avulus (Hodgs.) App. Cat. of Mam. and Birds, 154. — 
Type of Hemipus Hodgs. (1845). 
25. P. aurigaster (Vieill.) Levaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 107. f. 2. — 
Turdus chrysorrhceus Temm. ; Type of Hsematornis Swains. 
(1831). 
26. P. nigricans (Vieill.) — Turdus capensis var. Lath. PI. enl. 
317., Levaill. Ois. d’Af'r. t. 106. f. 1. ; Turdus Levaillantii Temm. ; 
Ixos xanthopygius Ehrenb. 
27. P. capensis (Gmel.) Bliss. Orn. t. 27. f. 3., Levaill. Ois. d’ 
Afr. t. 105. 
28. P. goiavicr (Scop.) Strickl. Sonn. Voy. t. 28 Muscicapa 
psidii Gmel. ; T Urdus analis Hors/. 
29- P. cafer (Linn.) PI. enl. 563. f. 1., Levaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 
107. f. 1. 
30. P . pusillus (Blyth), Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1841. p. 841. 
31. P. hasmorrhous (Gmel.) Brown, 111. pi. 31. f. 1. 
32. P. crocorrhous Strickl. — Muscicapa htemorrhoa var. Gmel.-, 
Turdus hsemorrlious Hors/. Brown, 111. t. 31. f. 2. ; Hanna tor- 
11 is chrysorrhoides La/r. 
33. P. jocosus (Linn.) PI. enl. 508. ?, Dixon’s Voy. pi. ii. p 
360., Shaw, Nat. Misc. pi, 645., Sonn. Voy. t. 109 Sitta 
ehinensis Osb. 
34. P. bimaculatus (Horsf.) Swains. Less. Cent, de Zool. t. 75. 
35. P. monticdla (Me Clell.) Proc. Z. S. 1839. p. 160. 
36. P. luteolus (Less.) Rev. Zool. 1840. p. 354. 
37. P. arsinoe (Licht.) Cat. Dupl. Berl. Mus. p. 39. 
38. P. obscurus Temm. Man. d'Orn. iv. p. 608. — Hsematornis 
lugubris Less.] 
39. P . flavicollis (Swains.) B. of W. Afr. i. p. 2 5Q. 
40. P. occipitalis (Temm.) Mag. de Zool. 1836., Ois. t. 66. 
Hypsipetes Vigors, f 
Till long and rather weak, with the culmen slightly carved, and the sides compressed to the tip, 
'which is slightly emarginated ; the nostrils basal and placed in a membranous groove, with the 
°pening oval and exposed. Wings rather long, and rounded, with the fourth and fifth quills equal and 
longest. Tail long and broad, with the end forked. Tarsi rather shorter than the middle toe, and 
covered in front with an entire scale. Toes moderate ; the lateral toes equal, and the outer one slightly 
united at the base ; the hind toe short, strong, and armed with a short compressed claw. 
Established by Vigors in 1831 (Proc. Z. S. 1831. p. 43.). 
