CAMPEPHAGINjE. 
placed in a sunken groove, rounded, and concealed by the frontal plumes. Wings moderate, and with 
the third, fourth, and fifth quills nearly equal and longest. Tail lengthened, and much graduated on 
the sides. Tarsi shorter than the middle toe, slender, and covered in front with narrow scales. Toes 
moderate, with the lateral ones nearly equal ; the hind toe moderate ; the claws moderate, much curved 
and acute. 
These showy birds are found in various parts of India and its archipelago. They inhabit in pairs the woody districts, 
either in the jungle, or the hedges and avenues near houses. When first discovered, they usually hide themselves 
among the foliage as quickly as possible. They are restless birds, flying from tree to tree within a certain space, 
examining the foliage of the high branches of the lofty trees for various insects and their larva;, and may occasionally be 
seen hanging from the slender twigs like a titmouse, while examining the branches. 
1. P. miniatus (Temm.) Boie, PI. col. 156. 
2. P. flammeus (Forst.) Zool. Ind. p. 25. pi. 15., Temm. PI. col. 
263., Swains. Zool. 111. n. e. pi. 52., Jerd 111. Ind. Ornith. pi. 11. 
3 P. speciosus (Lath.) Strickl. — Muscicapa princeps Vigors, 
Proc. Z. S. 1830. p. 22., Gould, Cent, of Birds, pi. 7. 
4. P. brevirostris (Vigors), Proc. Z. S. 1831. p. 43., Gould, Cent, 
of Birds, pi. 8. 
5. P. elegans M’Clell. Proc. Z. S. 1839- p. 156. 
6. P. qffinis M'Clell. Proc. Z. S. 1839-p. 157- 
7. P. peregrinus (Linn.) Mus. Carls, t. 48 Pants coccineus 
Gmcl, ; P. indieus Sparrm. Mus. Carls, t. 50. ; Motacilla cinna- 
momea Linn. Gould, Cent, of B. pi. 9 • 
8. ? P. subflavus (Vieill.) Ency. Meth. p. 817., Le Vaill. Ois. 
d’Afr. t. 155. f. 2. 
9. P. roseus (Vieill.) N. Diet. d’Hist. Nat. xxi. p. 486. 
10. P. erythropygius (Jerd.) Bl. 
Campephaga Vieill .* 
Bill short, and broad at the base, with the culmen rather depressed, slightly curved, and the sides 
gradually compressed to the tip, which is emarginated ; the gonys long, and slightly ascending ; the 
gape furnished with a few short, bristles ; the nostrils basal, lateral, rounded, and concealed by the 
frontal plumes. Wings moderate, with the first quill short, the second shorter than the third, and the 
third more or less shorter than the fourth, which is the longest. Tail long, broad, and rounded on the 
sides. Tarsi short, the length of the middle toe, and covered in front with broad scales. Toes moderate, 
the inner toe shorter than the outer, which is united at its base ; the hind toe moderate and broad, 
padded beneath ; the claws moderate, compressed, and curved. 
These birds are found in Africa, India, its archipelago, and Australia. They are shy and wary, and are usually seen 
flying from tree to tree, slowly and carefully searching among the foliage of the lofty trees, examining the leaves 
separately for all kinds of soft insects, such as caterpillars, mantides, and grasshoppers, and they occasionally feed on t ic 
fruits of the banyan trees. They continue their search, hopping from branch to branch, till the tree has been entire y 
inspected, when they fly off together to another tree. Their flight is undulating, powerful, and performed with few 
vibrations of the wings ; they rarely fly except to pass from one portion of the forest to another, or occasionally to to e 
insects on the wing, as they pass within a certain distance of them while perched on a branch. The eggs are usually 
two in number, and are deposited in a nest placed in the fork of a branch; it is entirely composed of small dead twigs, 
firmly matted together with a very fine white downy substance like a cobweb, and a species of lichen, and is extreme y 
shallow. 
* Established by Vieillot in 1816 ( Analyse , S;c. p. 39.). Ceblephyris (1817) of Cuvier is synonymous. 
Cuvier (1817), Lalage of M. Boie (1826), with which Erucivora of Mr. Swainson (1831) is synonymous, 
(1837), Lanicterus of M. Lesson (1838), and Symmorphus of Mr. Gould (1837). 
It embraces Graucalus of 
Volvocivora of Mr. Hodgson 
