LANIlNiE. 
These birds are found in India, its archipelago, and Africa (?). They are generally seen singly or in small flocks in 
the forests or open jungles, slowly climbing and hopping about the branches of trees, examining among the foliage for 
coleopterous and orthopterous insects, and the larva; of the 
an insect that flies within a short distance of the branch on 
1. T. indica (Gray), 111. Ind. Zool. pi. S3, f. 1, 2. — Lanius 
muscicapoides Frank l ; Tephrodornis superciliosa Swains. ; Lanius 
sordidus Less. ; Tephrodornis leucura Hodgs. 
2. T. pelvica Hodgs. — Tephrodornis sylvicola Jerd. 
3. T. ? erythropygia Jerd. Madr. Journ. 1840. p. 17. 
other orders. They will also at times make a swoop after 
which the bird may be perched. 
4. T. hirundina.cea (Temm.) Swains. PI. col. 119- 
5. T. concolor Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xi. p. 799- 
6. T. griseola Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xii. p. 180. 
7. T. virgata (Temm.) Swains. PI. col. 256. f. 1. 
8. T. (?) ocreata Strickl. Ann. Nat. Hist. xv. p. 129- 
Lanius Linn .* 
Bill more or less long, and broad at the base ; with the oilmen curved, and the sides much compressed 
to the tip, which is hooked and strongly emarginated ; the gonys long and ascending; the gape 
furnished with a few short bristles ; the nostrils lateral, with the opening rounded and partly hidden 
by the projecting bristles. Wings moderate and rounded, with the fourth quill the longest. Tail 
more or less long, narrowed, and graduated. Tarsi rather longer than the middle toe, strong, and 
covered in front with broad scales. Toes moderate, with the lateral ones nearly equal ; the outer 
slightly united at the base ; the hind toe long, and broadly padded ; the claws moderate, curved, and 
acute. 
The species of this genus are found throughout Europe, Asia, and some portions of Africa. They are usually seen 
singly or in pairs in woody or bushy places. Their food consists of various kinds of insects, which they generally 
seize on the ground, or from among the foliage, and even occasionally pursue while on the wing. They also attack 
lizards, small birds, and quadrupeds ; these they destroy by strangulation. When the life is extinct, they fix their 
prey on a thorn, while engaged in feeding on it. Their courage is very great, and prompts them to attack birds of far 
superior size, should they approach their haunts. Their flight is undulating, usually performed by jerks, and while 
perched on a branch the tail is in continual motion. The nest is placed in trees or bushes, and is composed of moss, 
wool, and dry grass, lined internally with hair. The eggs are usually five to seven in number. 
1. L. excubitor Linn. Gould, B. of Eur. pi. 66. 
2. L. major Pall. Zoogr. i. p. 401., PI. enl. 445. 
3. L. algeriensis Less. Rev. Zool. 1839. P* 134. 
4. L. meridionalis Temm. Man. d’Orn. i. p. 143. 
5. L. septentrionalis Gmel. — Lanius excubitor Wils. Audub. 
B. of Amer. pi. 1 92. 
6. ? L. borealis Vieill. Ois. d’Amer. Sept. t. 50., Wils. Amer. 
Orn. pi. 5. f. 1. 
7. L. excubilorides Swains. Faun. Bor. Amer. ii. p. 115. pi. 34. 
8. L. e/egans Swains. Faun. Bor. Amer. ii. p. 122. 
9- L. ludovicianus Linn. Faun. Bor. Amer. ii. pi. 34. — Lanius 
carolinensis Wils. Amer. Orn. pi. 22. f. 5. ; L. ardesianus Vieill. 
Ois. d’Amer. Sept. t. 51., Audub. B. of Amer. p. 57- 
10. L. lahtora Sykes, Proc. Z. S. 1832. p. 86., Gray, 111. Ind. 
Zool. pi. 32. f. 1 , 2. — Lanius excubitor Frankl. ; L. magnirostris 
Less. 
11. L. minor Gmel. PI. enl. 32. f. 1. — Lanius vigil Pall.-, L. 
italicus Lath. Gould, B. of Eur. pi. 68. 
1 2. L. schach Linn. — Lanius chinensis Gray. 
13. L . nigrieeps Frankl. Proc. Z. S. 1831. p. 117. — Collurio 
tricolor Hodgs. ; Lanius nasutus Scop. ? Sonn. Voy. t. 70. ? ; L. 
antiguanus Gmel. ? 
14. L. erythronotus (Vigors), Proc. Z. S. 1831. p. 42., Gould, 
Cent, of Birds, pi. 1 2. f. 2. — Lanius superciliosus Swains. ; L. 
jounotus Hodgs. 
15. L. tephronotus (Vigors), Proc. Z. S. 1831. p. 43. — Collurio 
nipaleusis et C. obscurior Hodgs. 
16. L. bentet Horsf. Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 144., Less. Cent. t. 72. 
— Lanius pyrrhonotus Vieill. Gal. des Ois. t. 135. 
17- L. pendens Lath. Levaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 66. f. 1. 
18. L. Hardwickii Vigors, Proc. Z. S. 1831. p. 42., Gould, 
Cent, of Birds, pi. 12. f. 1. 
* Linnams established this genus in 1756. Collyrio of Mcehring (1752) is synonymous. It embraces Corvinella of M. Lesson (1831), 
and Basanutes of Prof. Lichtenstein (1842). 
6 n 
