ITT 
It is not Soluble in water, but it retains 
that fluid with considerable force. 
Ittria combines with the acids ; its salts, 
as has been remarked, having generally a 
sweetish taste. Several of them, too, are 
coloured, a property in which it differs - 
from all tlie other earths. 
The sulphate of ittria crystallizes in 
small brilliant grains, according to Klap- 
roth, of a rhomboidal form, and of a colour 
inclining to an amethyst red. Their taste 
is sweet, becoming also astringent. They 
require from twenty-five to tliirty parts of 
water, and are not more soluble in hot w'a- 
ter. Their specific gravity is 2.79. The 
sulphuric acid is expelled by a red heat. 
Nitrate of ittria can scarcely be crystal- 
lized ; it assumes a gelatinous consistence 
by evaporation, and becomes brittle when 
this jelly cools. Its., taste is similar to that 
of tile sulphate. The muriate is obtained 
nearly in the same form. The phosphate 
formed by complex affinity is insoluble. 
The acetite is a crystallizable salt of a pale 
red colour. 
The salts of ittria are decomposed by the 
three alkalies, and by lime, astrontites, and 
barytes. 
Ittria is not dissolved by tire liquid alka- 
lies, nor do they redissolve it when added 
in excess, after having precipitated it from 
its solutions. This affords a distinguishing 
character between it and glucine. It is so- 
luble in the alkaline carbonates, particu- 
larly in the carbonate of ammonia. 
Prussiate of potash tlirows down from its 
solution a granular precipitate, of a white 
or pearl-grey colour. It is also precipitated 
in grey flocculi by the watery or spirituous 
infusion of galls ; but very slightly by the 
pure gallic acid. It is not affected by sul- 
phuretted hydrogen, or hydro-sulplinret of 
ammonia added to its solutions. 
The great specific gravity of this earth, 
its forming coloured salts, and being preci- 
pitated by the alkaline prnssiates, and by 
tannin, from its solutions, in some mea- 
sure connect it with the metals, and lead 
to the suspicion that it may be a metallic 
oxide. 
The gadolinite is the only fossil that can 
be considered as belonging to the genus of 
which this earth is the base, for the yttro- 
tantalite contains it in small quantity only, 
and is properly a metallic fossil belonging 
to the genus Tantalium. The gadolinite 
occurs massive, and disseminated its colour; 
is a deep greenish black. Its internal lustre 
is resplendent; it is opaque; its fracture is 
JUD 
conchoidal ; its hardness is such that it I# 
not scratched by the knife; its specific 
gravity is 4.2. It intiimesces before the 
blow-pipe, but is not fused. With nitric 
acid it forms a gelatinous solution. Accord- 
ing to Klaproth it consists of ittria 59.75, 
silex 21.25, oxide of iron 17.5, argil 0.5, 
water 0.5. The analysis of it by Ekeberg 
and Vauquelin give the proportion of ittria 
rather less, and of silex and iron somewhat 
more. 
IVA, in botany, a genus of the Monoecia 
Pentandria class and order. Nartural order 
of Composite Nucamentaceae. Corymbi- 
ferm, Jussieu. Essential character : male, 
calyx common, three-leaved ; corolla of the 
disk, one-petalled, five-cleft; receptacle 
with hairs or linear chaffs : female, in the 
ray, five, or few'er ; corolla none ; styles 
two, long ; seeds naked, blunt. There are 
two species, viz. I. annua, annual iva; and 
I. frutescens, shrubby iva, or bastard Je- 
suits’ bark tree. 
JUBILEE, a time of public and solemn 
festivity among the ancient Hebrews. This 
was kept every fiftieth year : it began about 
the autumnal equinox, and was proclaimed 
by sound of trumpet throughout all the 
country. At this time all slaves were re- 
leased, all debts annihilated, and all lands, 
houses, wives, and children, however alie- 
nated, fvere restored to their first owners. 
During this whole year all kind of agricul- 
tiire was forbidden, and the poor had the 
benefit of the harvest, vintage, and other 
productions of the earth, in the same man- 
ner as in the sabbatic, or seventh year. 
As this was designed to put the Israelites 
in mind of their Egyptian servitude, and to 
prevent their, imposing tlie like upon their 
brethren, it was not observed by the gen- 
tile proselytes. 
The Christians, in imitation of the Jews, 
have likewise established jubilees, which 
began in the time of Pope Boniface VIII. 
in the year 1300, and are now practised 
every twenty-five years ; but these relate 
only to the pretended forgiveness of sins, 
and the indulgencies granted by the church 
of Rome. 
JUDGE. The judges are the chief ma- 
gistrates in the law, to try civil and criminal 
causes. Of these there are twelve in Eng- 
land, viz. the Lord’s Chief Justices of the 
Courts of King’s Bench and Common Pleas; 
the Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer ; 
the three puisne or inferior judges of the 
two former court's, and the three puisne 
barons of the latter. By statute 1 Geo. Ill, 
