JUD 
c. 23, the judges are to conilnuO in 
their offices during their good Irehavionr, 
BOtvvitlrstanding any demise of the crown 
(which was formerly held immediately to 
vacate their seats) and their full salaries are 
absolutely secured to them during the con- 
tinuance of their commissions, by wiiicb 
means the judges are rendered completely 
independent of the king, his ministers, or 
his successors. A judge at his creation 
takes an oath that he will serve the king, 
and indifferently administer justice to all 
men, without respect of persons, take no 
bribe, give no counsel where he is a party, 
nor deny right to any, though the king or 
any other, by tetters, or by expressed words, 
command the contrary, &c. and in default 
of duty, to be answerable to the king in 
body, land, and goods. Where a judg^ 
has an interest, neither he nor his deputy 
can determine a cause, or sit in court, and 
if he do, a prohibition lies. 
Judges are punishable for wilful offences 
againt the duty of thfeir situations ; instances 
ot w'hich happily live only in remembrance. 
A judge is not answerable to the king, or 
the party, for mistakes or errors in his judg- 
ment, in a matter of which he has jurisdic- 
tion. 
JUDGMENT, among logicians, a faculty 
or rather act of the human soul, wdiereby it 
compares its ideas, and perceives their 
agreement or disagreement. 
Judgment. The opinion of the judges 
is so called, and is the very voice and final 
doom of the law ; and, therefore, is always 
taken for unquestionable truth; or it is the 
sentence of the law pronounced by the 
court upon the matter contained in the 
record. Judgments are of four sorts, riz. 
1. Wliere the facts are confessed by the 
parties, and the law determined by the 
court, which is termed judgment by de- 
murrer. 2. Where the law is admitted by 
.he parties, and the facts only are disputed, 
as in judgment upon a demurrer. 3 . Where 
both the fact and the law arising tliereon 
are admitted by the defendant, as in case 
of judgment by confession or default. 4 . 
Where the plaintiff is convinced that fact 
or law, or both, are insufficient to support 
his action, and therefore abandons or with- 
draws his prosecution, as in case of judo-- 
ment upon a nonsuit or retraxit. See War- 
rant of Attorney. 
Judgments are either interlocutory or 
final. Interlocutoiy judgments are such as 
are given in the middle of a cause, upon 
some plea, proceeding, or default, which is 
JUG 
only intermediate, and doth not finally de- 
teimine or complete the suit; as upon dila^ 
tory pleas, when the judgment ill many 
cases is that the defendant shall answer 
oyer, that is, put in a more substantia! plea. 
Tinal judgments are such as at once put an 
end to the action, by declaring that the 
plaintiff hath either entitled himself, or hath 
not, to recover the remedy he Sues for. 
JUGLANS, in botany, walnut tree, a 
genus of the Monoecia Polyandria class and 
Ol der. Natural order of AmentaceaB. Tere- 
biiitaceae, Jussieu. Essential cliaracter : 
male, calyx one-leafed, scale-form ; corolla 
six-parted ; filaments eighteen : female, ca- 
lyx four-cleft, superior; corolla four-parted ; 
styles two ; drupe with a grooved niicleiis- 
Jhere are eight species, of whicli J. regia, 
common walnut, is a very large and lofty 
tree, with strong spreadhig boughs. Tliere 
are several varieties, but they all vary a-ain 
■when raised from tlie seed, and nuts from 
the same tree yvill produce different fruit ; 
persons, tlierefore, who plant the wahiiit 
for its fruit should make choice of the trees 
m the niirsenes when they have their fruit 
upon tliem. In France, Switzerland, &c. 
the wood is in great request for furniture", 
as it was formerly in England, till tlie use 
of mahogany superseded it ; it is in great 
repute with the joiner, for the best grained 
and coloured wainscot; with thegim-smith 
for stocks; with the coaoh-makor, for wheels 
and the bodies of coaches; w'itb the cabinet- 
maker, for inlayings, especially the firm and 
close timber abont the root, which is ad- 
mirable for flecked and cambleted works. 
To render tliis wood the better coloured" 
joiners put the boards into an oven after 
the batch is out, or lay them in a warm 
stable ; and when they work it, polish it 
over with its own oil very hot, which makes 
It look black and sleek, and the older it is 
the more estimable. The husks and leaves 
being macerated in warm water, and the 
liquor poured on grass walks and bowling- 
greens will infallibly kill the worms, with- 
out endangering the grass. Not that there 
is any thing peculiarly noxious in this decoc- 
tion ; but worms cannot bear the applica- 
tion of any thing bitter to tlieir bodies, 
which is the reason that bitters, sucli as 
gentian, are the best destroyers of worms 
lodged in the bodies of animals. 
JUGULAR, in anatomy, an appellation 
given to two veins.pf the neck, which arise ' 
from the siibclaviaiis. See Anatomy. 
JUGULARES, in natural history, an 
order of fishes according to the Linnaian 
