LIE 
when our expressions are not true in the 
sense in which we believe the hearer appre- 
hends them. Besides, it is absurd to con- 
tend for any sense of words in opposition to 
usage ; for all senses of all words are found- 
ed upon usage, and upon nothing else. Or 
a man may act a lie; as by pointing his 
finger in a wrong direction when a traveller 
inquires of him his road, or when a trades- 
man shuts up his windows to induce his cre- 
ditors to believe that he is abroad ; for to all 
moral purposes, and therefore as to veracity, 
speech and action are the same; speech 
being only a mode of action. See Paley’s 
Moral Philosophy. 
, LIEUTENANT, an officer who supplies 
the place, and discharges the office of a su- 
perior in his absence. Of these, some are 
civil, as the lords-lieutenants of kingdoms, 
and the lords-lieutenants of counties ; and 
others are military, as the lieutenant-general, 
lieutenant-general of the artillery, lieutenant- 
colonel, lieutenant of artillery of the Tower, 
lieutenants of horse, foot, ships of war, &c. 
Lieutenant, lord, of Ireland, is proper- 
ly a viceroy, and has all the state and gran- 
deur of a king of England, except being 
served upon the knee. He has the power 
of making war and peace, of bestowing 
all the offices under the government, of 
dubbing knight, and of pardoning all crimes 
except high treason ; he also calls and 
prorogues the parliament, but no bill can 
pass witliont the royal assent. He is as- 
sisted in his government by a privy-coun- 
cil i and, on his leaving the kingdom, he ap- 
points the lords of the regency, who govern 
in his absence. 
Lieutenants, lo/rds, of counties, are of- 
ficers, who, upon any invasion or rebellion, 
have power to raise the militia, and to give 
commissions to colonels and other officers, 
to arm and form them into regiments, troops, 
and companies. Under the lords-lieutenants, 
are deputy-lieutenants, who have the same 
power ; these are chosen by the lords-lieu- 
tenants out of the principal gentlemen of 
each county, and presented to the King for 
his approbation. 
Lieutenant general, is an officer next in 
rank to the general; in battle, he com- 
mands one of the wings ; in a march, a de- 
tachment, or a flying-camp ; also a quarter, 
at a siege, or one of the attacks, when it is 
his day of duty. 
Lieutenant of a ship of war, the officer 
next in rank and power to the captain ; of 
these there are several in a large ship, who 
take precedence according to the dates of 
their first commissions. The oldest lieute- 
LIF 
nant, during the absence of the captain, i» 
charged with the command of the ship, as 
also the execution of whatever orders he 
may have received from tlie commander, 
relating to the King’s sei-vice. The lieute- 
nant who commands the watch at sea, keeps 
a list of all the officers and men thereto be- 
longing, in order to muster them when he 
judges it expedient, and report to the cap- 
tain the names of those who are absent from 
their duty. During the night-watch he oc- 
casionally visits the lower decks, or sends 
thither a careful officer to see that the pro- 
per centinels are at their duty, and that 
there is no disorder amongst the men ; no 
tobacco smoked between decks, nor any 
fire or candles burning there, except the 
lights which are in lanterns, under the care 
of a proper watch, for particular purposes. 
He is expected to be always on deck in his 
watch, as well to give the necessary orders 
with regard to trimming the sails, and su- 
perintending the navigation, as to prevent 
any noise and confusion ; but he is never to 
change the ship’s course without the cap- 
tain’s directions, unless to avoid an imme- 
diate danger. In time of battle, the lieute- 
nant is particularly to see that all the men 
are present at their quarters, where they 
have been previously stationed, according 
to the regulations made by the captain. 
He orders and e.xhorts them every where to 
perform their duty, and acquaints the cap- 
tain at all other tunes of the misbehaviour 
of any persons in the ship, and of whatever 
else concerns the service or discipline. 
LIFE, duration of. The uncertainty of 
the continuance of human life, has been a 
fruitful source of serious reflections not 
only to divines and moralists of all ages, but 
occasionally to every individual of the hu- 
man race. Independent of the host of fatal 
diseases which are continually augmenting 
the list of their victims, the frequently oc- 
curring instances of persons apparently in 
full possession of all the requisites to the 
continuance of life, being unexpectedly con- 
signed to the grave, would cause men to 
think life more uncertain than they gene- 
rally ap()ear to consider it, did not the ex- 
perience of living from one day to another, 
confirmed by the wdiole of their past lives, 
impress them with the expectation of con- 
tinuing so to do, while they do not feel any 
known impediment to it ; and it is necessa- 
ry to the well being of society that this idea 
should in general preponderate. But as 
the property or income from which many 
persons derive their subsistence depends on 
the continuance of tlieir life, or that of 
