LIF 
arrive to that age. The proportion of the 
inhabitants of other places that live to the 
age of 80, has been found as follows : 
At Edinburgh 1 in 42 
'Vienna 1 in 41 
Breslaw 1 in 41 
Berlin 1 in 37 
Norwich 1 in 27 
Northampton 1 in 24 
Pais de Vaud 1 in 2li 
Among any considerable number of lives 
selected from the common mass, such as the 
nominees to a tontine, or the members of an 
assurance or annuity society, the duration 
of life will always be found greater than it 
is represented by tables formed from gene- 
ral bills of mortality. Thus, M. Kersse- 
boom found that among the state annuitants 
in Holland 1 in 14 lived to upwards of 80 
years of age, and the nominees to the life 
annuities granted by the governments of 
France and Great Britain have been found 
to live longer than the duration given by 
any table formed from bills of mortality. 
In some few country situations, where the 
injurious habits and artificial mode of living 
which prevail in large cities have made little 
progress, the duration of life has been found 
unusually great ; thus at Ackworth in York- 
shire 1 in 14 died turned of 80 years of 
age ; and according to an account of the 
parish of Kingham in New England, in the 
first volume of “ Memoirs of the American 
Academy,” the number of deaths in 54 
years had been 1113, of which 1 in 13 had 
survived 80 years. 
Life annuities. See Annuities. Life 
annuities secured by land, differ from those 
already described only in this, that the an- 
nuity is to be paid up to tlie very day of the 
death of the age in question, or of the per- 
son upon whose life the annuity is granted. 
To obtain the more exact value therefore of 
such an annuity, a small sum must be added 
to the same as computed by the rules in the 
article Annuities, which will be different 
according as the payments are yearly, half- 
yearly, or quarterly. Dr. Price has enter- 
ed at large on the subject, and according 
to him the addition is, 
V 
I— for annual payments. 
h * 
for halfyearly payments. 
~ for quarterly payments. 
LIG 
the respective values of an annuity certain 
of n years payable yearly, half-yearly, or 
quar terly. It is found as the result of many 
investigations, that the first of these addi- 
tional quantities is about 
ith of one year’s purchase. 
The second J,th. 
The third jjth. 
Life boat. See Boat. 
LIFE estates, or estates for life, are of two 
kinds ; either such as are created by the act 
ot the parties, or such as are created by the 
operation of law, as estates by the curtesy 
or dower. Estates for life, created by deed 
or grant, are, where a lease is made of lands 
or tenements to a man, to hold for the term 
of his own life, or for that of another per- 
son, or for more lives than one ; in any of 
which cases he is callpd tenant for life, only 
when he holds the estate by the life of ano- 
ther, he is usually termed tenant pur auter 
tie, for another’s life. Estates for life may / 
be created not only by the express terms 
before mentioned, but also by a general 
grant, without defining or limiting any spe- 
cific estate. Where estates are granted for 
the lives of others, and they absent them- 
selves seven years, and no proof is made of 
their being in existence ; in any action com- 
menced for the recovery of such tenements 
by the lessors or reversioners, they shall be 
accounted as dead, and the jury shall give « 
their verdict accordingly; (19 Charles II. 
c., 6.) and, on application to the Chancellor, 
the party holding such estates may be com- 
pelled to produce the persons on whose 
lives such estates depend. 
LIGAMENT, in anatomy, a strong com- 
pact substance, serving to join two bones 
together. 
A ligament is more flexible than a car- 
tilage, not easily ruptured or torn, and 
does not yield, or at least very little, when 
pulled. 
LIGHT, is that principle or thing by 
which objects are made perceptible to our 
sense of seeing ; or the sensation occasion- 
ed in the mind by the view of luminous ob- 
jects. The nature of light has been a sub- 
ject of speculation from the first dawnings 
of philosophy. Some of the earliest philo- 
sophers doubted whether objects became 
visible by means of any thing proceeding 
from them, or from the eye of the specta- 
tor ; but this opinion was qualified by Em- 
pedocles and Flato, who maintained, that 
vision was occasioned by particles conti- 
nually flying off from the surfaces of bodies, 
which met with others proceeding from the 
