LIS 
LIR 
potash, with one of silica, give a compound, 
which is deliquescent in the air, and sohiblq, 
in water; this was formerly distinguished 
by the name of liquor of flints, but it is 
now denominated silicated alkali. 
LIQUORICE. The glycirrhiza, or com- 
mon liquorice shrub, has a long, thick, 
creeping root, striking several feet deep 
into the ground ; an upright, firm, herba- 
ceous, annual stalk, three or four feet liigh, 
garnished with winged leaves, of four or 
five pair of oval lobes, terminated by an 
odd one : and from the axillas, erect spikes 
of pale blue flowers in July, succeeded by 
short smooth pods. The root of this plant 
is the useful part, being replete with a 
sweet, balsamic, pectoral juice, which is 
either extracted, or the wood sold in sub- 
stance. It is much used in all compositions 
for coughs, and disorders of the stomach ; 
but by far the greatest quantity is used by 
brewers. The common liquorice is cul- 
tivated in most countries of Europe, for 
the sake of its root ; but in Spain and Italy, 
and particularly in Sicily and Calabria, it 
makes a considerable article of commerce 
with this country. In Calabria, liquorice is 
chiefly manufactured, and exported from 
Corigliano, Rossano, Cassano, and Palermo, 
The Calabrian liquorice, upon the whole, is 
preferable to that coming from Sicily, and 
the Italian paste to that coming from 
Spain. Liquorice also grows in great abun- 
dance in the Levant ; and vast quantities of 
it are consumed there, in making a decoc- 
tion which is drank cold in the summer, in 
the manner of sherbet, 
To prepare liquorice, the roots are boiled 
a long time in water, till the fluid has got a 
deep yellow tincture ; and the water at 
length evaporated till the remains acquire a 
consistency, when they are formed into 
sticks, which are packed up with bay leaves, 
in the same order as we receive them. The 
boiling requires the utmost care and pre- 
caution, as the juice takes an unpleasant 
smell and flavour, if burnt in the least 
degree. 
LIRIODENDRUM, in botany, a genus 
of the Polyandria Polygynia class and 
order. Natural order of Coadunatm. Mag- 
noli®, Jussieu. Essential character : calyx 
three-leaved ; petals six ; seeds imbricated 
into a strobile. There are two species, viz. 
L. tulipifera, common tulip tree; and L. 
lillifera ; the former is a native of North 
America, where it is a tree of the first 
magnitude, and is generally known in all 
the English settlements by the name of 
poplar. The young shoots of this tree are 
covered with a smooth purplish bark ; they 
are garnished with large leaves, whose foot- 
stalks are four inches long ; the leaves are 
of a singular form, being divided into three 
lobes ; the middle lobe is blunt and hollow- 
ed at the point, appearing as if it had been 
cut with scissars ; the upper surface of the 
leaves is smooth, and of a lucid green, tlie 
under of a pale green ; the flowers are 
produced at the end of the branches, com- 
posed of six petals, three without and three 
within, forming a sort of bell-shaped flower, 
whence the inhabitants of North America 
gave it the name of tulip ; the petals are 
marked with green, yellow, and red spots, 
making a beautiful appearance when the 
trees are charged with flowers ; when the 
flowers fall off the germ swells, and forms a 
kind of cone, which does not ripen in Eng- 
land; the handsomest tree of this kind, 
near London, is in a garden at Waltham 
Abbey. 
The wood is used for canoes, bowls, 
dishes, spoons, and all sorts of joiners’ 
work. ' 
Kalm speaks of having seen a barn of 
considerable size, the sides and roof of which 
were made of a single tulip-tree split into 
boards ; there is no wpod that contracts 
and expands so much as this, which is a 
great inconvenience attending it ; the bark 
is divisible into thin laminae, which are 
tough like bast. 
LISIANTHUS, in botany, a genus of 
the Pen land lia Monogynia class and order. 
Natural order of Rotaceae. Gentianae, Jus- 
sieu. Essential character ; calyx keeled ; 
corolla with a ventricose tube, and recurved 
divisions ; stigma two-plated ; capsule two- 
celled, two valved ; the margins of the 
valves intorted. There are nine species, 
natives of Jamaica. 
LISTING. Persons listed are to be car- 
ried within four days, but not sooner than 
twenty-four hours, after they have enlisted, 
before the next justice of peace of any 
county, riding, city, or place, or chief 
magistrate of any city or town corporate 
(not being an officer in the army); and if, 
before such justice or magistrate they dis- 
sent from such listing, and return the listing 
money, and also twenty shillings in lieu of 
all charges expended on them, they are to 
be discharged. But such persons refusing 
or neglecting to return and pay such money 
within twenty-four hours, shall be deemed 
as duly listed as if they had assented thereto 
before proper magistrate; and they 
