LOG 
changes in the order of these letters, if pre- 
fixed to the three parts of a syllogism, four- 
teen artificial words have been formed, of 
three syllables each, containing the vowels 
so to be prefixed in the order of the mood 
to be denoted by each word. The fourteen 
moods are classed under these different fi- 
gures, by which terms logicians mean to de- 
note the particular situation of the middle 
term, with respect to the major and minor. 
The first figure is distinguished by the mid- 
dle term being the subject of the major, and 
predicate of tire minor proposition, and its 
four moods are denoted by tlie words Bar- 
bara, Celarent, Darii, Fcrio. The second 
figure admits of negative conclusions only, 
the major being always universal, and one 
of tlie premises negative. Its moods are 
Cesarc, Camestres, Festino, Boroco. And 
in the third figure the middle term is the 
subject of both premises, the minor af- 
firmative, and the conclusion, particular. 
Its moods are Darapfi, Felopton, Disamis, 
Datisi, Bocardo, Ferison. We shall not ex- 
tend our article to exemplify these moods, 
nor siiall we proceed to give instances of 
the form and complexities of syllogisms, 
which systematic waiters have been more 
solicitous to enumerate and name, than to 
analyze and develope. In like manner we 
shall pass over the consideration of the va- 
rious sophisms treated of by them, because 
these objects would lead us too far, and 
their detection follows immediately upon 
a statement of tlie premises and conclusions, 
according to rule. And upon the whole, 
we shall conclude by observing, that thougli 
the old logic was burthensome, from the 
manner in which it had been suffered to en- 
large itself; yet since much of our present 
modes of reasoning, and of the expressions 
made use of at the bar, in the senate, and 
among our best writers, are derived from 
its rules; and, since the moderns, when 
they degried and rejected it, have not been 
solicitous to establish any determinate or 
correct system, we deem it entitled to more 
attention than has usually been paid to it. 
LOGISTIC curve, the same with that 
otherwise called logarithmic. See Loga- 
rithmic. 
Logistic spiral. See Logarithmic and 
Spiral. 
LOGISTICA numerous, the same with 
algorithm. See Ai.GORiTiiai. 
LOGISTICAL arithmetic, the doctrine 
of sexagesimal fractions. See Sexagesi- 
mals. 
LOGOGRAPHY, a method of piinting, 
LON 
ti whidh the types, instead of answering 
only to a single letter, are made to corre- 
spond to whole words. The properties of 
the logograpliic art are, 1. That the compo- 
sitor shall have less charged upon his me- 
mory, than in the common way. 2. It is 
much less liable to error. 3. llie type of 
each word is as easily laid hold of as that of 
a single tetter. 4. The decomposition is 
much more readily performed. 5. No ex- 
traordinary expense, nor greater number oC 
types, is required in the logograpliic, than 
in the common method of printiiig. 
LOLIUM, in botany, ray grass, a genus, 
of tlie Triandria Digynia class and order. 
Natural order of Gramineae, or grasses. Es- 
sential character : calyx one-leafed, fixed, 
many-flowered. There are five species. 
LOMENTACE7E, in botany, the name 
of the thirty-third order in Linnaeus’s Frag- 
ments of a Natural Method, consisting of 
plants, many of which furnish beautiful 
dyes, and the pericarpium of which, uni- 
versally a leguminous pod, contains seeds that 
are farinaceous or meally like those of -the 
bean. The cassia, wild senna ; limmatoxy- 
lon, logwood ; mimosa,' sensitive plant, &c. 
are of this order. 
LOMONITE, in mineralogy, is of a 
snow white colour, with a slight tendency 
to reddish white. It occurs massive ; the 
fracture is foliated, and the surface of the 
folia are streaked, which gives a peculiar 
glimmering aspect to the surface of the fos- 
sil ; it is easily frangible, and not heavy : 
when preserved from the air it has a .slight 
degree of coherence ; but if it is exposed 
to the action of that fluid, the folia spon- 
taneously separate from each other, and it 
is soon reduced to a lieap of unconnected 
parts. It forms a kind of jelly with acids, 
and is found in the lead mines of Huelgoet 
in Lower Brittany. If received its name 
from Gillet Lmmont, who discovered it 
about twenty years ago. 
LONCHITES, ill botany, a genus of the 
Cryptogamia Filices class and order. Na- 
tural order of Filices, or ferns. Generic 
character ; capsule disposed in lunulated 
lines lying under the sinuses of the frond. 
There are five species, all natives of very 
hot climates. 
LONCHIURUS, in natural history, a 
genus of fishes of the order Thoracic!. 
Generic character : the head scaly ; ventral 
fins separate ; the tail lanceolated. The 
bearded lonchiurus, the only species be- 
longing to this genus, is a native of Suri- 
nam, about twelve inches in length, has a 
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