LUR 
hmcs L t, L 2. For the greatest semi-cir- 
cle is equal to the sum of both the other 
two ; from the greatest semi-circle take 
away the segments S 1, and S 2, and there 
remains the triangle T ; also from the two 
less semi-circles take away the same two 
segments S 1 and S 2, and there remains the 
two limes L 1, and L 2 ; theretbre the triangle 
T = L 1 -j- L 2, the two bines. 
LUNETTE, in fortification, an enve- 
loped counter-guard, or mound of earth, 
made beyond the second ditch, opposite to 
the place of arms ; diflfering from the rave- 
lines only in their situation. Lunettes are 
usually made in wet ditches, and serve to 
defend the passage of the ditch. 
LUN GS, a part of thehuman body, which 
is the cause or instrument of respiration. 
LUPINUS in botany, lupine, a genus of 
the Diadelphia Decandria class and order. 
Natural order of Papilionacece or Legu- 
miiiosae. Essential character: calyx two 
lipped ; anthers five oblong, five roundish; 
legume coriaceous. There are ten species, 
the most common is the L. luteus, yellow 
lupine, which is about one foot in height, 
having digitate leaves composed of seven, 
eight, or nine hairy leaflets, nearly tw'o 
inches long: the flowers are odorous in 
loose spikes at the end of the branches, 
composed of several whorls, terminated by 
three or four flowers, sitting close at the 
top ; these are succeeded by ovate flattish 
hairy pods, about two inches long, standing 
erect, inclosing four or five seeds, com- 
pressed, of a yellowish white colour variegat- 
ed with dark spots : it is a native of Sicily. 
LUPULUS, the hop, in botany, &:c. 
See Hop and Humulus. 
LUPUS. See Cams. 
Lupus, in ornithology, the same with the 
monedula, or jackdaw. See Jackdaw. 
Lupus marinus, the sea-wolf, in ichthy- 
ology, formerly constituted a genus of mala- 
coptery gioiis fishes, with a compressed body, 
and six or more ossicles in the membrane of 
the gills. On the back there is only one fin, 
which extends almost from the head to the 
tail. It is a very singular fish, growing to four 
or five feet long. This fish is now called 
anarrhichas, by tlie generality of authors ; 
which see. 
Lupus, in astronomy, a southern constel- 
lation, consisting of nineteen, or, according 
to Flamstead, of twenty-four stars. 
LURIDjE, in botany, the name of the 
twenty-eighth order in Linnaeus’s “ Frag- 
ments of a Natural Method,” consisting of 
plants whose pale and ominous appearance 
LUT 
seems to indicate something noxious in their 
nature and quality : theatropa, deadly night- 
shade ; capsicum, guinea-pepper ; digitalis, 
fox-glove; nicotiania, tobacco, &c. ar« of 
this order. Most of the plants contained 
in the order are herbaceous and perennial ; 
the roots are generally branched, some- 
times tuberous; the stems and branches 
are cylindric : the leaves are simple, and 
placed alternate; the flowers are herma- 
phrodite; the calyx is one piece deeply 
divided into five parts : the corolla con- 
sists of one petal, which is either bell, 
funnel, or wheel-shaped ; the stamina are 
four or five; the seed-bud is placed above 
the receptacle of the flower; the seed 
vessel is sometimes a berry, sometimes a 
capsule; the seeds are numerous, and fre- 
quently kidney-shaped. These plants have 
an insipid taste, and a nauseous disagree- 
able smell ; the greater part taken inter- 
nally, if in considerable quantity, prove 
mortal, unless prevented operating by 
emetics, &c. 
LUST, in the sea-language. When a 
ship heels more one way than another, she 
is said to have a lust that way. 
LUSTRE, in mineralogy, is a term much 
used in modern works of chemistry.' The 
lusti e of minerals in respect of intensity, is 
of five kinds ; 1. Splendent, when in full 
daylight the lustre can be seen at a great 
distance : 2. Shining, when at a distance 
the reflected light is weak: 3. Glistening,' 
when the lustre is only observable at no 
greater distance than an arm’s length : 4. 
Glimmering, when the suiface held near the 
eye in full daylight presents a number of 
shining points : 5. Dull, when the surface 
has no lustre. There are two kinds of lustre, 
the metallic and common. See Thompson's 
Chemistry. 
LUTE, a musical instrument with strings. 
The lute consists of four parts, viz. the 
table ; the body or belly, which has nine 
or ten sides ; the neck, which has nine or 
ten stops or divisions, marked with strings ; 
and the head, or cross, where the screw 
for raising and lowering the strings to a 
proper pitch of tone are fixed. In the 
middle of the table there is a rose or passage 
for the sound ; there is also a bridge that 
the strings are fastened to, and a piece of 
ivory, between the head and the neck, to 
which the other extremities of the strings 
are fitted. In playing, the strings are 
struck with the right hand, and with the 
left the stops are pressed. The lutes of 
Bologna are esteemed the best, on account 
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