MAM 
lElg. A small portion of alcohol appears to 
be volatilized at this period of the process. 
The chief business of the maltster is to keep 
the temperature from becoming excessive, 
which is done by turning. The tempera- 
ture may vary from fifty-five to sixty-two 
degrees. At the period of sweating, the 
roots of the grains begin to appear, which 
increase in length till checked by turning 
the malt. In one day after the sprouting 
of the roots, the rudiments of the future 
stem, called acrospire by the maltster, 
may be seen to lengthen, and it is now 
time to stop the process. As the acrospire 
shoots along the grain, the appearance of 
the kernel, or mealy part of the corn, un- 
dergoes a considerable change. The gluti- 
nous and mucilaginous matter is taken up 
and removed, the colour becomes white, 
and the texture is so loose that it crumbles 
to powder between the fingers. The ob- 
ject of malting is to produce this change : 
when it is accomplished, which takes place 
as soon as the acrospire has come nearly to 
the end of the seed, the process is stopped 
by drying the malt npon the kiln. The 
malt is then cleaned to separate the small 
roots, which are considered as injurious. 
Barley by malting generally increases two 
or three per cent, in bulk, and loses about 
one-fifth of its weight. 
MALTA, knights of. See Knight. 
maltha, in chemistry, called also sea- 
wax, is a solid substance found on the Lake 
Baikal in Siberia. It is white, melts when 
heated, and on cooling assumes the con- 
sistence of white cerate. It readily dis- 
solves in alcohol, and in other respects it 
possesses the characters of a solid volatile oil. 
MALVA, in botany, mallow, a genus of 
the Monadelphia Polyandria class and or- 
der. Natural order of Columniferse. Mal- 
vaceas, Jussieu. Essential character : ca- 
lyx double, outer three-leaved ; capsules 
many, united in a depressed whorl, one- 
celled, one-seeded. There are thirty-four 
species, chiefly perennial herbaceous plants. 
MAMALUKES, the name of a dynasty 
that reigned in Egypt. The Mamalukes 
were originallyTurkish and Circassian slaves, 
bought of the Tartars by Melicsaleh, to the 
number of a thousand, whom he bred up to 
arms, and raised some to the principal 
offices of the empire. They killed Sultan 
Moadam, whom they succeeded. 
Others say, that the Mamalukes were 
ordinarily chosen from among the Christian 
slaves, and that they were the same thing 
In a great measure with the Janissaries 
MAM 
among the Turks. They never married 
they first are said to have been brought from 
Circassia, and some have supposed that 
they began to reign about the year 869. 
MAMMiE, the breasts, in anatomy. See 
Mammary gland. 
MAMMALIA, in natural history, the 
first class of animals in the Linnman sys- 
tem : the animals in this class have lungs 
that respire alternately; jaws incumbent, 
covered; teeth usually within; teats lacti- 
ferous"; organs of sense, tongue, nostrils, 
eyes, ears, and papillse of the skin ; cover- 
ing, hair, which is scanty in warm climates, 
and scarcely any on aquatics ; supporters, 
four feet, except in aquatics ; and in most 
a tail ; walk on the earth and speak. Such 
is the Linnseau account. They suckle their 
■young by means of lactiferous teats, and 
hence the name mammalia. In structure 
they resemble man ; most of tliem are 
quadrupeds, and with man inhabit the Sur- 
face of the earth : a few of them exist in 
the ocean. There are seven orders, the 
characters of which are taken from the 
number, situation, and structure of the 
teeth. The names of the orders are 
Belluae, 
Glires, 
Brula, 
Pecora, 
Cete, 
Primates, 
Ferae, 
which see. 
MAMMARY gland, in anatomy, is a 
glandular substance situated in the breast, 
and secreting the milk. 
This gland, surrounded by cellular and 
adipous substance, and covered by the 
common integuments, constitutes the breast. 
It lies on the anterior surface of the pecto- 
ralis major musoje. 
In men, and in young girls, tliese bodies 
are small ; they enlarge in the female sub- 
ject very considerably at the time of pu- 
berty, assuming an hemispherical shape, 
and pretty firm consistence, which, how- 
ever, is lost as the subject advances in years, 
particularly in women who have suckled 
many children. 
The skin of the breasts is white, and soft 
to the touch, except in the middle, where 
there is a portion of a reddish brown co- 
lour, called the areola. From the centre 
of this the nipple projects, in tlie form of a 
cylindrical prominence, with a rounded 
end, similar in colour to the areola, and 
covered, like that part, by a more delicate 
continuation of tlie skin, which is some- 
what wrinkled and irregular on its surface. 
Both the areola and nipple are furnished 
