MAN. 
the South Sea islands under the line, and 
indeed of the South Sea islands in general, 
are much lighter coloured than we should 
have expected ; and this arises from the 
coolness natural to insular situations. We 
find no Negroes under the line in America, 
as in Africa; a circumstance which admits 
of an easy solution. On the western side of 
America there is one of the most elevated 
regions of the globe. The p.ain of Quito, 
which is the base of tlie Andes, is higher 
than the top of the Pyrenees, and tlie sum- 
mits of tliese aiountaiiis, altiiougli in tiie 
centre of the torrid zone, are covered v/ith 
everlasting snow. The country abounds 
with large rivers, traversing it from west to 
east. It is covered by a vast quantity of 
stagnant water, and the largest forests in 
the globe; it contains no sandy wastes, 
like those of Africa. Hence the tempera- 
ture of any place in America is very differ- 
ent from tiiat of corresponding parts of the 
old continent. At Quito, wliich is nearly 
under the line, Reaumur’s thermometer 
never ascends beyond 28° ; while at Sene- 
gal, in 16° of north latitude, it mounts to 38°. 
The latitude of Paris corresponds to that of 
Quebec, and that of London to the almost 
uninhabitable regions of Labrador. 
The brown and tawny colours are not 
wholly confined to warm climates, they are 
found in the northern regions of Europe and 
Asia, countries whicli, from iheir excessive 
cold and consequent sterility, are scarcely 
habitable. The inhabitants of these regions 
live on the flesh of the rein-deer and dried 
fish ; tlieir bread is made of pounded fish- 
bones with tlie bark of the pine or birch-tree, 
They drink much whale oil. They live 
under ground, or in huts sunk below the 
surface of the earth ; and during their long 
nights keep up lamplight, and are enveloped 
in smoke. At other times they are exposed 
to the action of a most iiiliospitable climate, 
in following their occupations of hunting 
and fishing. This mode of life will naturally 
render the skin coarse and dark ; and the 
discoloration thus produced is increased in 
many instances by the liabit of painting the 
body and smearing it with grease and other 
substances, which very commonly prevails 
among savage nations. Such an effect is 
produced sometimes by these practices that 
the colour of the skin cannot be ascertain- 
ed. ( Ha wkes worth's Collection pf Voy- 
ages, &c. vol. iv. p. 24, 120, 138.) 
We have to observe further, that the 
effect of climate is much modified by cloth- 
ing, by the state of society, and the manner 
of life in general. Dr. Smith (Essay on 
Complexion and Figure,) informs us that 
ill America, the field slaves, who are badly 
fed, clothed, and lodged, are remote from 
the society and example of their superiors, 
and retain many qf the customs and man- 
ners of their African ancestors, are slow in 
changing the aspect and figure of Africa ; 
while the domestic servants, who are em- 
ployed in the families of their masters, see 
their manners, and adopt their habits, have 
advanced far before tliein in acquiring tlie 
agreeable and regular features, and tlie ex- 
pressive countenance of civilized society. 
He also mentions that persons who have 
been captured from the States, and have 
grown up in the habits of savage life, con- 
tract such a strong lesemblance of the 
natives in their countenance, and even their 
complexion, as to afford a striking proof 
tlmt the differences vvhicli exist in tlie same 
latitude, between the Anglo American and 
tiie Indian, depend principally on the state 
of society. 
Perhaps the strongest circumstance in 
illustration of the effect of climate 'on tlie 
human complexion, may be derived from 
tlie Creoles, which word, sometimes strange- 
ly confounded with that of Mulatto, is ap- 
plied properly to the offspring of European 
parents born in the East or West Indies. 
These have such a peculiar diaiacter of 
complexion and countenance, (“anstrura 
quasi spiraiis vultus et color, maxime qiio- 
qne comse et aid iitium quasi oculontni,”) 
that tliey are easily distinguished liy tliose 
points alone from their relations born in 
Europe. (Hawkesvvorth’s Collection, vol. hi. 
p. 374.) Tiie same observation holds good 
also of the offspring of Persian or Mongo- 
lian parents born in the East Indies. 
(Hodges’s Travels in India, p. 3.) 
COLODR AND DENOMINATIONS OF THE 
MIXED BREEDS. 
We have already noticed how constantly 
the children, produced fi'ora the copulation 
of individuals of different races, exhibit 
what we may call the middle tinge, formed 
as it were by the mixture of those of the 
two parents. 
In the first generation the offspring of 
Europeans and Negroes are called Mulat- 
tos ; of Europeans and Indians, Mestizes ; 
of Europeans and Americans, Mestizes, also 
Blestindi, Metifi, and Mamelncks ; of Ne- 
groes and Americans, Zambi, or Mulattoes, 
or Lobos, Curibocas, and Kabuglos. All 
these have the middle countenance and 
