MAN. 
^eater degree among animals chiefly of 
tlie domesticated kinds, arising from the 
ordinary sources of degeneration ; so there 
is no point, whether of colour, countenance, 
or stature, winch does not pass by imper- 
ceivable gradations into the opposite cha- 
racter, rendering all these distinctions mere- 
ly relative, and reducing them to differ- 
ences in degree. Hence it is obvious, that 
any division of the varieties of the Imman 
race must be in a great measure arbitrary. 
For the same reason one or two characters 
are not sufficient for determining the race, 
but an union of several is requited ; and 
even tliis is exposed to many exceptions in' 
each variety. 
1. Caucasian variety. White skin, red 
cheeks, brownish hair, head of a somewliat 
gmbnlar form; oval and straight face, with 
features moderately separate from each 
other, expanded forehead, narrow and ra- 
ther aquiline nose; and small mouth : front 
teeth of both jaws perpendicular; lips gent- 
ly turned out; and chin full and rounded. 
It includes the Europeans (excepting the 
I.aplanders, and rest of the Finnish race) ; 
the Western Asiatics, as far as the river Ob, 
the Caspian sea, and the Ganges ; and the 
northern Africans. 
The name of this variety is derived from 
Mount Caucasus, because iii its neighbour- 
hood we meet with the most beautiful race 
of men in the world, viz. the Georgians. 
From the accounts of numerous travellers; 
who all agree on this subject, we select the 
remark of Chardin : “ The blood of Georgia 
is tlie finest in the East, and I may say in 
the world. I have not observed a single 
ugly countenance in that country in either 
sex; but have seen numerous angelic ones. 
Nature has bestowed on the women graces 
and charms, which we see in no other place. 
It is impossible to look at them without 
loving tliem. More beautiful countenances, 
and finer figures, than those of the Georgian 
women, cannot even be imagined.” 
Various reasons conspire in inducing us 
to place the first families of men in this 
quarter; and this race forms a medium 
between the two following varieties. An 
argument on tins subject arises from the 
white colour of the Caucasian race, which 
we .should be disposed to consider as the pri- 
mitive colour of men : since the white easily 
degenerates into the darker shades, while 
those, when once fixed, hardly change at all. 
2. MungoUau variety. Olive coloar; black, 
straight, strong, and spare hair ; head of a 
square form ; broad ^nd flattened face, with 
the features running together; the glabella 
(interval between the eye-brows) flat ami 
very broad ; nose small and flat ; rounded 
cheeks projecting externally ; narrow and 
linear aperture of the eyelids; slight pro- 
jection of the chin. 
This includes the rest of the Asiatics, 
(excepting the Malays) ; the Finnish races 
of the colder parts of Europe, as the Lap- 
landers, &c. ; and the (ribes of Esquimaux, 
extending over tiie northern parts of Ame- 
rica from Bhering’s Strait to the extremity 
of Greenland. 
The Mongolians, widely scattered over 
the continent of Asia, have generally, but 
erroneously, been included with some of 
very different origin and formation, under 
the name of Tartars ; whereas the last-men- 
tioned tribes, properly so called, belong to 
the first division of the human race. The 
Calmucks, and otlier Mongolian nations, 
which overran the Saracen empire, under 
Zeiighis Khan, about the middle of the thir- 
teenth century, and had entered Europe, 
are described in tlie “ Historia Major” of 
Matthew Paris under tiie name of Tartars, 
whereas that name (or, as it should be spel- 
led, Tatars) properly belongs to the \yest- 
ern Asiatics, who had been vanquished by 
the Monguls. The error, however, arising 
from this source, has been propagated down 
to the present day, so that in the works of 
the most approved naturalists, as BufFon 
and Erxkben, we find the characters of tlie 
Mongolian race ascribed to what they call 
the Tartars. 
The Tartars indeed are connected by tlie 
Kirgises, and neighbouring tribes, to the 
Monguls, in the same way as the latter are 
joined by the inhabitants of Thibet to the 
Indians ; by the Esquimaux, to the Ameri- 
cans; and by the Philippine islanders, with 
the Malays. 
3. Ethiopian variety. Black skin ; black 
and woolly hair; head narrow, and com- 
pressed laterally; arched foreliead; cheek- 
bones standing forwards ; prominent eyes ; 
thick nose, confused with the extended 
jaw ; alveolar arch narrow, and elongated 
anteriorly ; the upper front teeth projecting 
obliquely ; the lips, and particularly the 
upper one, thick ; the cliin receding ; knees 
turned in in many instances. The remain- 
ing Africans, besides those classed in the 
first variety, belong to tliis. 
Several of the observations in the preced- 
ing parts of this article shew how ill founded 
is the opinion of those wdio consider the Afri- 
cans as a distinct species, merely because 
