MANUFACTURE OF COTTON. 
by hand, by children or women, by a very 
simple method, which both prevents its 
breaking, and causes it to be rolled on 
the bobbins with equal tightness in every 
part. The bobbin lies on the top of a nar- 
row cylinder of wood, that just fits in be- 
tween its two extremities, and which is about 
eight or ten inches in diameter : a wire is 
passed through the bobbin into the frame, 
each extremity of which has a vertical groove, 
that sustains it in its place ; the cylinder is 
turned round by a winch, and as the slub- 
bing rolls on the bobbin, still turns it round 
with equal velocity, as it is against the sur- 
face of the rolled cotton alone that it acts. 
The Spinning Frames. When the stub- 
bing is rolled on the bobbins, it is then pre- 
pared for spinning, and brought to the spin- 
ning frames for that purpose; where the 
bobbins are placed in rows above the 
frames in a sort of vertical rack prepared 
for them, and are kept in their places there, 
by thick wires which pass through them, 
on the points of which they revolve as the 
slubbiug is drawn off them by the spinning 
apparatus, which consists principally of 
three pair of small rollers, which draw out 
the slabbing to the proper fineness, and of 
the liy and bobbin which gives it the due 
degree of twist, and rolls it up when spun. 
The three lower rollers are of steel, fluted 
or grooved longitudinally at small intervals, 
and are about an inch diameter. The upper 
rollers are of wood with iron axles, and 
are covered first with cloth and then with 
glove leafier, and rubbed well with chalk. 
Every steel roller is divided into as many 
intervals, of about an inch and a half long, 
as the number of threads to be drawn by it 
amount to, which is seldom mor e than six. 
The covered rollers are in lengths of two of 
those intervals, and each press on two of 
the slubbings ; the extremities of their 
axis move in pieces of iron with vertical 
grooves, that admit them to press down- 
ward freely, but prevent all lateral motion ; 
the middle of the axis, as well as the ends, 
are turned in a lathe, and from it, by a 
hook, depends a weight tliat presses it 
against the steel roller that lies beneath. 
Springs are used also to give tlie same pres- 
sure, and where they can be regulated so 
as to give exactly the same pressure to 
each roller used, are preferable to weights, 
which, from the number wanted, are a con- 
siderable loa^ to the floors of the spinning 
mill, and by all getting into a vibratory 
motion when at work, very much shake the 
building. The steel rollers have, at their 
extremities, small toothed wheels of brass, 
which are connected with other wheels, 
and pinions at the side of the frames, so 
regulated by the number of their teeth, 
that the second roller goes round faster 
than the first, and the third faster than the 
second. The covered rollers are each 
moved by the steel rollers on which they 
press, and by this means the slubbing is 
drawn out twice successively before it 
pisses to the fly. The spinning part, for 
each thread consists of a spindle placed 
vertically, which sustains the fly and the 
bobbin. The fly' is a steel wire bent round 
from the top of the spindle, so that a small 
ring at its extremity may be about an inch 
and a quarter from the spindle outwards, and 
the length of the bobbin bemw its top, to 
wiiich it screws on by a small ferule: 
through the ring the twisting slubbing 
passes to the bobbin, whose office is merely 
to roll up the twist as it is spun by the 
swift revolutions of the spindle ; the bobbin 
is about three inches long, and is perfo- 
rated longitudinally, so as to permit the 
spindle to turn round freely within it. 
That the twist may be robed up equalK on 
every part of the bobbin, it is necessary 
that the bobbin should be moved up and 
down on the spindle with a slow motion ; 
for this purpose all the bobbins in tiie large 
frame rest on a hori'contal bar of wood, 
moved up and down by two arms suspended 
on centres that receive this motion from 
the revolutions of an heart wheel, or wheel 
of an oval form. The vveight of each of 
the bobbins pressing it on this bar prevents 
its being turned round by the spindle, and 
this resistance causes the tly to wind the 
twist on it by degrees, geutiy p dhng it 
round in proportion as the circumference of 
the bobbin exceeds tlie length of twist 
spun in each revolution of the fly. The 
six spindles which aiisw’er to toe six divi- 
sions of the steel rollers, are turned round 
by bands, wdiich pass round an horizontal 
drum, the axis of which ascen Is upwards, 
and gives motion to the fluked rollers by a 
pillion on its top ; this axis receives its mo- 
tion from other bands, which pass to large 
drums turned by horizontal shafts, running 
the whble length of the spinning rooms, which 
ultimately receive their motion from the wa- 
ter wheel, or other primary moving power. 
Several sets of the rollers, with their 
spindles, are fixed in one wooden frame; 
the spindles are all outside, and the wooden 
frames are generally double, to contain 
two rows of the frames of rollers, by which 
