MANUFACTURE OF COTTON. 
of more numerous sides, about six feet dia- 
meter, and seven feet high, that is turned 
round on a vertical axis by a band, that 
passes from a grooved wheel on the axis, 
to another grooved wheel that is turned 
by a winch, and is placed upder the seat on 
which the warper sits; the bobbins which 
sustain the twist are placed on a vertical 
rack suspended from the ceiling, and the 
threads fi om them pass betyveen two small 
upright rollers, on a piece of wood which 
slides perpendiculai ly along an upright bar, 
fixed at one side of the revolving frame; a 
small cord passes, from a part of the axis 
that rises above the frame, over a pulley at 
the top of the fixed bar, down to the sliding 
guide, which it slowly draws up, by coiling 
round the axis as the frame turns round ; by 
which means the yarn is wound spirally 
about the frame, to the length which the 
warp is required ; to which extent, when 
the yarn arrives, it is crossed on pins pro- 
jecting from the frame, and the mill is turned 
the reverse way ; by which the slide descends, 
and the yarn is laid along the same spiral 
downwards, along which it before ascended. 
When the warp is completed to the num- 
ber of threads required for the web, for which 
it is intended, it is taken olf the mills, and 
wound up into a ball, the crossings being first 
properly secured for the use of the weaver : 
and in this state it is sold to the weaving 
manuficturer, when the mill owner is not 
concerned in this branch of business himself. 
Of IVeavivg. A vast variety of labrics 
are formed of cotton; every species made 
of linen or silk has been successfully imi- 
tated with it ; and tlie velverets and thick 
cords made of it, have been found to 
answer for many purposes in place of wool- 
len cloth. The finest muslins of India do 
not exceed those which are made in tliis 
country ; and the richness of colour, and 
variety of figure, of the chintzes of the East, 
are now surpassed by those ot our printed 
cottons : from the excellence of these goods, 
and tlie low prices at which the extensive 
use of machinery allows them to be sold, 
the exportation has become prodigious ; 
and the comforts of the lower classes at 
home are considerably encreased, from the 
cheap rate at which they can procure most 
articles of clothing of this kind. 
There is no mode of weaving peculiar to 
cotton, so that on this head we must refer 
to the article Weaving for information; 
as every cotton stuff is woven in a way re- 
sembling that of some other fabric, unless 
we may except that called Marseilles ; 
though stuffs may be made of linen or silk, 
or a mixture of linen and woollen, in a simi- 
lar manner to tliat in which this is formed. 
The loom for weaving Marseilles is some- 
what similar to the diaper loom. A good 
idea of the manner in which it is prepared, 
may be had, by conceiving two webs woven 
one under tbe other in the same loom, 
which are made to intermingle at all the 
depressed lines, which form the reticula- 
tions on the surface, in imitation of the 
quilting performed by hand. 
When the species of Marseilles, called 
Marseilles quilting, is made, a tliird warp, 
of softer materials than tlie two others de- 
scribed, lies between them, and merely 
serves as a sort of stuflSng to the hollow 
sc(uares formed by them. 
Another sort of cotton stuff, solely appro- 
priated to quilts, should, in strictness, be 
set down exclusively to the cotton manu- 
facture ; though there is nothing to prevent 
its being made of other materials. The 
weft of those quilts is of very coarse and 
thick yarn, which is drawn out by a small 
hook into little loops, as it is woven, that 
are so arranged, as altogether to form a re- 
gular pattern ; every third or fourth shoot 
of the shuttle, the weaver has to stop to 
form those loops from a draft, which causes 
the weaving of those quilts to take up more 
time than that of any other stuff, except ta- 
pistry ; which accounts for the greatness of 
the price at which they are sold, in propor- 
tion to the value of the materials of which 
they are principally composed. 
Before concluding the head of weaving, 
it will be proper to notice a considerable 
improvement added to one of the principal 
implements for this operation, which first 
originated in the cotton manufacture; 
which is a very simple apparatus attached 
to the batton, by which the shuttle is thrown 
through the warp without requiring to be 
touched by the hand ; as it may be set in 
motion both ways by the same hand, the 
weaver saves the time that is lost in shift- 
ing hands in the common w'ay of weaving ; 
and from this cause, added to other circum- 
stances, is enabled to weave a considerable 
quantity more in a day by the use of this 
contrivance ; and, which is in reality still 
more material to him, by enabling him to 
sit at his work in an erect posture, prevents 
that frequent stooping forwards, and conse- 
quent pressure on the chest, which was 
found to be so extremely unwholesome in 
this business, that a very great proportion 
of weavers died annually of complaints on 
