MANUFACTURE 
the lungs, originating from this circum- 
stance alone. 
The Fly Shuttle. The apparatus by which 
this is etFected is known by tlie appellation of 
the fly-shuttle, or flying shuttle, (probably 
from the swiftness of the motion of the shut- 
tle, when it is used). It consists of a little 
oblong trough, attached to each side of the 
batton in front, so that the end of each 
shall lie exactly opposite to the aperture 
formed in the warp for passing the shuttle, 
when the treadles are pressed down ; a 
small cubic piece of wood, usually covered 
with liard leather, slides back and forwards 
in each trough, and is retained within it by 
a thick wire, which runs through its upper 
part, and proceeds from the further end of 
the trough, which has a button, or knob, 
on the end next the web, that prevents the 
little wooden cube from slipping oflF; from 
the moveable cube in one trough, a cord 
procee,ds loosely over the web to that in 
the opposite trough, and a turned handle is 
attached to the middle of this cord, by 
which the weaver puts the little cubes in 
motion ; the shuttle is straight-sided, and is 
sloped off to a point at both ends, which 
are tipped with iron ; very light and well- 
turned little wheels are let into the sub- 
stance of the shuttle at each end, and pro- 
ject little more than the eighth of an inch 
beyond its surface; and on these it runs 
along the lower rail of the batton, over the 
lower tlneads of the warp when it is 
thrown. When the weaver works with 
this apparatus he first presses back, one of 
the sliding cubes to the further end of the 
trough in which it lies, and lays the shuttle 
in the trough directly between it and the 
web, first fastening the end of the yarn 
contained by the shuttle properly to the 
web ; then pressing down the treadle, he 
takes up the handle which puts the sliding 
cubes in motion, and by a gentle jerk of 
his hand pulls the cube, which is behind the 
shuttle, towards the web ; the quick motion 
of the sliding cube is directly communi- 
cated to the shuttle, and it flies rapidly 
through the warp into the trough at the 
other side, pressing back the contrained 
sliding- cube as it passes to its end ; from 
whence a slight motion of the hand in the 
opposite direction impels- it back again to 
its first position, after the thread siiot in 
has been beaten up close to the web, and 
the warp been opened again ready to re- 
ceive another course. 
The apparatus described is now in gene- 
ral use, in most other manufactures, and is 
OF COTTON. 
found to be particularly advantageous lit 
weaving broad cloths, carpets, and other 
goods of great breitdth, which formerly re- 
quired two men to each loom, merely to 
throw the shuttle. 
In places where it is not yet introduced, 
it evidently would be an object of huma- 
nity to induce the weavers to use it, on 
account of the beneficial effects it has on 
their health. 
Burning. When the webs are taken from 
the looms they are covered with an irregu- 
lar down or knap, from the projection of 
the short fibres of the cotton wool, which is 
removed by passing the webs over a red-hot 
iron plate, that burns it off. 
The apparatus for this operation consists 
of an iron semi-cylinder, set horizontally in 
brick-work, having a fire-place under it 
with an iron door through which fuel may 
be introduced ; at each side of this is placed 
a light wooden roller of rail-work, turning 
freely on an iron axis by a winch ; from the 
same uprights which support these rollers, 
are- suspended light frames at each side, 
which turn on pivots in their centres, by de- 
pressing the further ends of which, the cords 
next the stove raise up a rail, which runs 
across near the iron semi-cylinder, and 
which mostly consists of a slight iron rod. 
After the fire placed beneath the iron- 
burner has made it red hot, the web, whose 
surface is to be burned, is rolled up on one 
of these cylinders, and the end of it is pass- 
ed over the lifters and hot iron, to the other 
cylinder; a man stands at each cylinder, 
and the instant the one at the empty cylin- 
der begins to turn, the lifters are lowered, 
so as to let the web come in contact with 
the red-hot iron; by which means, its whole 
surface is drawn over the iron, with that de- 
gree of velocity which is just sufficient to 
bfirii off the loose filaments, without injuring 
its fabric. The very finest muslins undergo 
this operation, and though they are so thin, 
that the least deviation from the proper ve- 
locity, in passing them over the iron, causes 
them to be burned through, yet there very 
seldom happens, any accident to them, 
which shews that this process is more ha- 
zardous in appearance than reality. , 
After burning, the webs are ah bleached, 
to remove the dark colour given them by 
the fire ; and when of a proper whiteness, 
those which are designed for dying or 
printing are sent to the respective artists in 
those lines, and the rest are made up for 
sale as they are. 
The operation of printing has ai'rived to 
