\ 
MAP 
OQiiie totally unnecessary, the, articles being 
now all made here, and far better than any 
other country can produce. The discovery 
of new copper-mines in Cornwall, Derby- 
shire, and Wales, about the year 1773, con- 
tributed to the extension of the manufac- 
ture in this country; and it appears to be 
still increasing, notwithstanding the very 
great advance in the price of copper, which 
must certainly be attended with some dis- 
advantage with respect to foreign markets. 
The value of wrought copper and brass ex- 
ported during the year 1799 was 1,232,187Z. 
and there is reason to believe, that the 
whole value of these manufactures at pre- 
sent is at least 3,600,0001. and the number 
of persons employed about 60,000. The 
steel, plating, and hardware manufactures, 
including the toy trade, have been carried 
to a great extent of late years, and may 
amount in value to 4,000,0001. and the per- 
sons employed to at least 70,000. 
MANULEA, in botany, a genus of the 
Didyuamia Angiospermia class and order. 
Natural order of Personatae. Pediculares, 
Jussieu. Essential character : calyx five- 
parted ; corolla with a five-parted, awl- 
shaped border, the four upper segments 
more connected ; capsule two-celled, many- 
seeded. There are eighteen species, mostly 
natives of the Cape of Good Hope; 
MANURE. See Agriculture. 
MAP, a plane figure representing tlie 
surface of the earth, or some part of it; be- 
ing a projection of the globular surface of 
the earth, exhibiting countries, seas, rivers, 
mountains, cities, &c. in their due posi- 
tions, or nearly so. 
Maps are either universal, or particular. 
Universal maps are such as exhibit the 
whole surface of the earth, or the two 
hemispheres. Particular, or partial maps, 
are those that exhibit some particular 
region, or part of the earth. Both kinds 
are usually called geographical, or land 
maps, as distinguished from hydrographi- 
cal, or sea maps, which represent only the 
seas and sea-coasts, and are properly called 
charts. 
Anaximander, it is said, about 400 years 
before Christ, first invented geographical 
tables, or maps. The Pentingerian tables, 
published by Cornelius Pentinger of Aues- 
imrgh, contain an itinerary of the whole 
Roman Empire ; all places, except seas, 
woods, and deserts, being laid down accord- 
ing to their measured distances, but with- 
out any mention of latitude, longitude, or 
bearing. 
MAP 
The maps published by Ptolemy of Alex- 
andria, A. D. 144, have meridians and pa- 
rallels, the better to define and determine 
the situation of places, and are great im- 
provements on the construction of maps: 
though, Ptolemy himself owns that his 
maps were copied from some that were 
made by Blavinus, Tirus, ike. with the addi- 
tion of improvements of his own. But 
from his time till about the 14th century, 
during which geogi aphy and most sciences 
were neglected, no new maps were publish- 
ed. Mercator was the first of note among 
.the moderns, and next to him Ortelius, who 
undertook to make a new set of maps, with 
the modern divisions of countries and 
names of places ; for want of which, tliose 
of Ptolemy were become almost useless. 
After Mercator, many others published 
maps, but for the most part they were 
mere copies of his. Towards the middle 
of the 17th century, Bleau in Holland, and 
Sanson in France, published new sets of 
maps, with many improvements from the 
travellers of those times, which were after- 
wards copied, with little variation, by the 
English, French, and Dutch; the best of 
these being those of Vischer and De Witt. 
And later observations have furnished us 
with still more accurate and copious sets of 
maps. 
Maps are constructed by making a pro- 
jection of the globe, either on the plane of 
some partietdar circle, or by the eye placed 
in some particular point, according to the 
rules of perspective. 
In maps three things are required : first, 
to .siiew the latitude and longitude of places, 
which is done by drawing a certain number 
of meridians and parallels of latitude. .Se- 
condly, the shape of the countries must be 
exhibited as accurately as possible, for real 
accuracy cannot he obtained by any pro- 
jection, because the map is on a plane sur- 
face, whereas tlie earth is globular. Thirdly, » 
the bearings of places, and their distances 
from eacli other must be sliowm. The pro- 
jection of maps is made, as we have observ- 
ed, according to tlie rules of perspective. 
If the eye be supposed to view the earth 
from an infinite distance, the appearance 
represented on a plane, is called the ortho- 
graphic projection. In this case, the parts 
about the middle are very well represented, 
but the extreme parts are contracted. 
Geographers usually employ the stereogra- 
phic projection, where tlie eye is supposed 
to be on the surface of the earth, and look- 
ing at the opposite hemisphere. There is 
