MAP. 
of the rivers they represent ; and small 
rivers are expressed by small lines. Dif- 
ferent countries are best distinguished by 
different colours, or at least the borders of 
them. Forests are represented by trees; 
and mountaVns shaded to make them ap- 
pear. Sands are denoted by small points or 
specks ; and rocks under water by a small 
cross. In any void space, draw the mari- 
ner's compass, with the o'i points or winds. 
To draw a Map of any particular Country. 
First. For this purpose its extent must be 
known, as to latitude and longitude ; as 
suppose Spain, lying between the north 
latitudes 36 and 44, and extending from 10 
to 23 degrees of longitude ; so that its ex- 
tent from north to south is 8 degrees, atrd 
from east to west 13 degrees. Draw the 
line A B for a meridian passing through the 
middle of the country (fig. 3.), on which 
set oflF 8 degrees from B to A, taken from 
any convenient scale ; A being the north, 
and B the south point. Through A and B 
draw the perpendicidars CD, EF, for the 
extreme parallels of latitude. Divide A B 
into 8 parts, or degrees, through which 
draw the other parallels of latitude, parallel 
to the former. For the meridians, divide 
any degree in A B into 60 equal parts, or 
geographical miles. Then, since the length 
of a degree in each parallel decreases 
towards the pole, from the table. Art. Lon- 
gitude, shewing this decrease, take the 
number of miles answering to the latitude 
of B, which is 48i nearly, and set it from 
B, 7 times to E, and 6 times to F ; so is 
E F divided into degrees. Again, from the 
same table take the number of miles of a 
degree in the latitude A, viz. 43| nearly ; 
which set off, from A, 7 times to C, and 
6 times to-D. Then from the points of 
division in the line CD, to the corresponding 
points in the line E F, draw so many right 
lines for the meridians. Number the de- 
grees of latitude up both sides of the map, 
and the degrees of longitude on the top 
and bottom. Also, in some vacant place, 
make a scale of .miles, or of degrees, if the 
map represent a large part of the earth, to 
serve for finding the distances of places 
upon the map, 
Then make the proper divisions and sub. 
divisions of the country : and having the 
latitudes and longitudes of the principal 
places, it will be easy to set them down in 
the map ; for any town, &c. must be placed 
where the circles of its latitude and longi- 
tude intersect. For instance, Gibraltar, 
whose latitude is 36° 11", and longitude 
12“ 27', will be at G : and Madrid; whose 
latitude is 40" 10', and longitude 14" 44 , 
will be at M. In like manner, the mouth 
of a river must be. set down ; but to de- 
scribe the whole river, the latitude and lon- 
gitude of every turiilng must be marked 
down, and the towns and bridges by wdiich 
it passes. .\nd so for woods, forests, moun- 
tains, lakes, castles, ficc. The boundaries 
will be described by setting dow'n the re- 
markable places on the sea coast, and draw- 
ing a continued line through them all. And 
this way is very proper for small countries. 
Secondly. Maps of particular places are 
but portions of the globe, and therefore 
may be drawn after the same manner as the 
whole is drawn. That is, such a map may 
be drawn either by the orthographic or 
stereographic projection of the sphere, as in 
the last problem. But in partial maps, an 
easier way i^ as follows : having drawn the 
meridian AB (fig. 3.), and divided it into 
equal parts as in the last method, through 
all the points of division draw lines perpen- 
dicular to A B, for the parallels of latitude ; 
CD, EF, being the extreme parallel. Then 
to divide these, set oft' the degrees in each 
parallel, diminished after the manner di- 
rected for the two extreme parallels C D, 
EF, in thq last method ; and through all the 
corresponding points draw the meridians, 
which will be curve lines ; which were right 
lines in the last method ; because only the 
extreme parallels were divided by the 
table. This method is proper for a large 
tract, as Europe, &c. ; in which case the 
parallels and meridians need only be drawn 
to every 5 or 10 degrees. This method is 
much used in drawing maps, as all the parts 
are nearly of their due magnitude, but a 
little distorted towards the outside, from 
the oblique intersections of the meridians 
and parallels. 
Thirdly. Draw P B of a convenient 
length, for a meridian ; divide it into 9 
equal parts, and through the points of divi- 
sion, describe as many circles for the paral- 
lels of latitude, from the centre P, which 
represents the pole. Suppose AB (fig. 4.) 
the height of tlie map, then C D will be the 
parallel passing through the greatest lati- 
tude, and EF will represent the equator. 
Divide the equator EF into equal parts, of 
the same size as those in A B, both ways, 
beginning at B. Divide also all the paral- 
lels into the same number of equal parts, 
but lesser in proportion to the numbers for 
the several latitudes, as directed in the last 
method for the rectilineal parallels*, Then 
