t 
MAR 
The leaves to be formed, of which there 
are frequently three, four, or more joined 
togetlier, are, after they have been glued 
on the outermost part of the design, whose 
profile they are to follow, put within the 
chgps of file vice ; then the workman pres- 
sing the treddle, and thus holding fast the 
piece, with his saw runs over all the out- 
lines of his design. By thus joining or 
forming" three or four pieces togetlier, not 
only time is saved, but also the matter is 
the better enabled to sustain the elFort of 
the saw, which, how fine soever it may be, 
and how slightly soever it may be con- 
ducted by the workman, except this pre- 
caution were taken, would be apt to raise 
splinters, and ruin the beauty of the work. 
All the pieces having been thus formed by 
the saw, and marked, in. order to their 
being known again, each is veneered, or 
fastened in its place, on the common 
ground, with the best English glue; and 
this being done, the whole is s^t in a press 
to dry,, planed over, and polished with the 
skin of the sea-dog, wax, and shave-grass, 
as in simple veneering, and the fine branches 
and more delicate parts of the figures are 
touched up and finished with a graver. 
MARQUIS, a title of honour, next in 
dignity to that of duke, first given to those 
who commanded the marches, that is, the 
borders and frontiers of countries. Mar- 
quisses were not known in England till King ' 
Richard II. in the year 1337, created his 
greatfavoui ite, Robert Vere, the Ear! of Ox- 
ford, Marquis of Dublin ; since which time 
there have been many creations of this sort, 
though at present there are twelve English, 
two Scotch, and nine Irish marquisses. 
The manner of creating a marquis differs in 
nothing from that of a duke, except the dif- 
ference of the titles, and the marquis’s be- 
ing conducted by a marquis and an earl, 
while a duke is led by a duke and a mar- 
quis : be is also girt with a sword, has a 
gold verge put into his hand, and his robe 
or mantle is the same as those of a duke, 
with only this difference, that a duke’s man- 
tle has four guards of ermine, and a mar- 
quis’s only three and a half. 'I'he title 
given him, in the style of the heralds, is 
most noble and potent prince. His cap is 
the same as a duke’s, and the difference be- 
tween their coronets consists in the duke’s 
being adorned with only flowers or leaves, 
while the marquis’s has flowers and pyra- 
mids with pearls on them intermixed, to 
show that he is a degree between a duke 
and an earl. 
MAR 
MARRIAGE is the lawful conjunction 
of man and wife ; it was also anciently used 
to denote the interest of bestowing a ward 
or a widow in marriage. 
Taking marriage in the- light of a civil 
contract, the law treats it as it does all other 
contracts ; allowing it to be good and valid 
in all cases where the parties, at the time 
of making it, were in the first place willing 
to contract ; secondly, able to contract ; and 
lastly, actually' did contract, in the proper 
forms and solemnities required by law. 
By several statutes, a penalty of 1001. is 
inflicted for marrying any persons without 
banns or licence; but by 26 George II. 
c. 33, if any person shall solemnize matri- 
mony without banns or licence, obtained 
from some persons having authority to grant 
the same, or in any other place than a 
church or chapel where banns have been 
qsually published, unless by special licence 
from the Archbishop of Canterbury, he shall 
be guilty of felony, and transported for 
fourteen years, and the marriage shall be 
void. Marriages according to the laws of 
any other country are valid in England, if 
duly solemnized in another country', as mar- 
riages in Scotland are ; but by 26 George II, 
c. 33, s. 11, marriages by licence, where 
the parties are not twenty-one, must not 
be without consent of the father or guar- 
dian of the party. If the guardian or mo- 
ther is beyond sea, or insane, the Chancel- 
lor w'ill proceed upon relation in.their stead. 
Questions have lately arisen, whether this 
act applies to illegitimate children, and the 
civilians have held that it does. Marriages 
cannot be solemnized between persons 
within the Levitical degrees, but if so- 
lemnized, they are not void till after sen- 
tence of the proper court. Promises of mar- 
riage, and pre-contracts, do not prevent the 
parties from lawfully marrying other per- 
sons; but an action lies for a breach of 
the contract. Marriage brokage bonds are 
void in equity, and all contracts in re- 
straint of marriage generally are void ; but 
contracts and legacies, upon condition not 
to marry any particular person, or without 
proper consent, are allowed, though if there 
is not a devise over the legacy is vested ne- 
vertheless. To marry a woman an heiress 
forcibly, is a capital felony by 3 Henry VII. 
c. 2, and 39 Elizabeth, c. 9. 
A wife cannot leave her husband. If 
she elope from him, she loses her dow'er, 
unless she returns and is reconciled. An 
action of trespass lies for taking away a 
wife, with the goods of her husband, and 
