MAS' 
swerable for them when they are pursuant 
to bis authority. 
If a servant commit an act of trespass 
by command or encouragement of his mas- 
ter, the master will be answerable. But in 
so doing his servant is not excused, as he is 
bound to obey the master in such things 
only as are honest and lawful, 
If a servant of an innkeeper rob his mas- 
ter’s guest, the master is bound to make 
good the loss. Also, if a waiter at an inn 
sell a man bad wine, by which his health is 
impaired, an action will lie againt the mas- 
ter : for his permitting him to sell it to any 
person is deemed an implied general com- 
mand. In like manner, if a servant be fre- 
quently permitted to do a thing by the tacit 
consent of his master, the master will be 
liable, as such permission is equivalent to a 
general command. 
If a servant is usually sent upon trust 
with any tradesman, and he takes goods in 
the name of his master upon his own ac- 
count, the master must pay for them. And, 
also, if he is sent sometimes on trust, and at 
other times with money. But if a man 
usually deals with his tradesmen himself, or 
constantly pays them ready money, he is 
not answerable for what his servant may 
take up in his name ; for in this case there 
is not, as in the other, any implied order to 
trust him. 
So it is if the master never had any per- 
sonal dealings with the tradesmen, but the 
contracts have always been between the 
servant and the tradesman, and the master 
has regularly given his servant money for 
payment of every thing had on his account, 
the master shall not be charged. Or if a 
person forbid his tradesman to trust his ser- 
vant on his account, and he continues to 
purchase upon credit, he is not liable. 
The act of a servant, though he has quit- 
ted his master’s service, has been held to be 
binding upon the master, by reason of the 
former credit given him on his master’s 
account, and its not being known to the 
party trusting that he was discharged. 
The master is also answerable for any 
injury arising by the fault or neglect of his 
servant when executing his master’s busi- 
ness. But if there be no neglect or default 
in the servant, the master is not liable. 
If a smith’s servant lame a horse whilst 
shoeing him, or the servant of a surgeon 
make a wound worse, an action for damages^ 
will lie against the master, and not against 
the servant. But the damage must be done 
whilst the servant is actually employed in 
M A S' 
his master’s service, otherwise he is liable 
to answer for his own misbehaviour or neg- 
lect. 
A master is likewise chargeable, if his 
servant cast any dirt, &c. out of the house 
into the common street; and so for any 
other nuisance occasioned by his si’rvaiits, 
to the damage or annoyance of any indivi- 
dual, or the common nuisance of his majes- 
ty’s subjects. 
A servant is not answerable to his mas- 
ter for any loss which may happen w'itliout 
his wilful neglect ; but if he be guilty of 
fraud or gross negligence, an action will lie 
against him by his master. 
A master is not liable in trespass for the 
wilful act of his servant, as by driving his 
master’s carriage against anotlier, done 
without the direction or assent of his mas- 
ter, no person being in the carriage wlijn 
the act was done. But he is liable to an- 
swer for any damage arising to another 
from the negligence or unskilfiilness of his 
servant acting, in his employ, as for negli- 
gently driving against another. 
MASTICATION, in medicine, the ac- 
tion of chewing, of of agitating tiie solid 
parts of our food between the teeth, by 
means of the motion of the jaws, tlie 
tongue, and the lips, whereby it is broken 
into small pieces, impregnated with saliva, 
qnd so fitted for deglutition and a more 
easy digestion. 
MASTICH, in the materia niedica, when 
pure is in the form of little round drops or 
tears, of a very pale amber; a piece re- 
cently broken is quite transparent, but by 
exposure to the air it becomes somewhat 
inclining to the form of powder. When 
slightly warmed this resin has a faint and 
rather pleasant odour, which becomes 
stronger and more grateful when it is melt- 
ed. In its chemical properties, mastich 
does not much differ from the other resins. 
If it is digested in alcoliol it is separated into 
two portions ; the oue soluble in the spirit, 
the other insolubles the former composes 
four-fifths of the whole, and is pure resin ; 
the latter, in most of its properties closely 
resembles caoutchouc. In Turkey, mastich 
is in great request among women as a mas- 
ticatory ; and the produce of China is appro- 
priated solely to the use of the Emperor’s 
seraglio. In other countries it is employed, 
medically, in fumigations ; and by painters 
and other artists, in the composition of the 
tougher kinds of vainlshes. 
MASTOIDES, in anatomy, the same 
with mammillaris; being applied to such 
