MUSIC. 
tliat the whole effect may be seen at one 
view, while each part occupies its own 
stave separately. The score is the manner 
in which the composer sets out the several 
parts ; from it they are afterwards trans- 
cribed by copyists into the different books 
respectively. 
Counterpoint is tbe art of arranging parts 
to any piece of music, taking them from a 
figured bass ; though some expert compo- 
sers form the bass as they proceed. To be 
a good contrapunctist, a thorough know'- 
ledge of harmony, of modulation, and of the 
effect of certain combinations, as well of in- 
struments as of notes, are absolutely neces- 
sary. Many a person may possess very su- 
perior skill in counterpoint who has no ge- 
nius for the invention of good melody. 
Above all things the contrapunctist must 
avoid consecutive fifths and octaves in the 
same parts ; however, a perfect and an im- 
perfect filth may follow. The readeg will 
easily comprehend what we mean by con- 
secutive fifths, when we refer him to the 
sounds of the open strings A and D on the 
violin, &c. ; tliese are fifths — now, if the 
finger be laid on those two strings, so as to 
produce E natural, and B natural, those 
two notes being also fifths, cannot follow in 
any two parts ; for although fifths are the 
third stage of harmony (octaves being the 
first, thirds and sixths the second) yet, when 
two pai ts proceed in a parallel of fifths, one 
for instance playing A B C D, while the 
other plays the D E F G below, the effect is 
harsh and inharmonious. 
AFe shall now state the regular degrees of 
slowness, and of quickness, in the execution 
of music, according to the directions given 
by the following Italian words, which are 
chiefly in use. 
Adagio, adagio, very slow. 
Adagio, slow, in an easy leisure manner. 
lMrgo,ovlmto, giving full time to express 
each part of the measure. 
Larghetto, not quite so slow as largo or 
leuto. 
Andante, with perfect distinctness, and 
moderately slow. 
Andantino, not quite so slow as andante. 
Allegretto, or poco allegro, or vivace, in 
rather a free manner, but not quick. 
Allegro, moderately quick. 
Presto, quick. 
Prestissimo, very quick, in a hurried man- 
ner ; in fact, as quick as you can follow the 
notes. 
Conumodo, according to your own conve- 
nience. 
Spiritoso, or con spirito, in a spii ited man- 
ner. 
Con cio, with vivacity. 
Brillante, in a gay, rich, ornamented, and 
brilliant stile of execution. 
Agitato, in an agitated broken manner. 
Siciliana, a peculiar pathetic manner of 
performing six-eighth time. 
Pastorale, in a pastoral ballad stile. 
Timoroso, in a fearful or timid manner. 
Affetuoso, in a plaintive aft'ec.ting manner. 
Amoroso, in an amorous or tender stile. 
Animato, bold and dashing. 
Cantahile, in a singing manner, but not 
faster than andante, or an andantino. 
Macetoso, or pomposo, in a majestic or 
pompons manner. 
Grazioso, gracefully, this term is very 
often mis-spelt, whereby it produces a very 
different effect, being then 
Gratioso, which signifies a harsh rough 
manner, and is peculiarly applicable to 
those scenes of acute distress, devastation, 
and phrenzy, which are occasionally repre- 
sented on the stage. 
Larmoyante, or doloroso, in a weeping 
sorrowful manner. 
Piano, or p, or pm piano, orpp, these ii]- 
dieate a low soft manner ; the. word piu 
inclining to the extreme, imcontradistinction 
to 
Poco, which means only a little, or rather 
as poco allegro, rather allegro. 
Forte signifies strong and firm. 
Fortissimo, or forte forte, or ff, in the 
strongest manner. 
Mezzo, signifies middling, as mezzo so- 
prgno, a middle soprano ; or mf, mezzo 
forte, middling strong. 
Dolce, soft and pleasing, as dolce ex- 
pressivo, to be expressed in a touching soft 
manner. 
Ma, but. 
Non, not. 
Troppo, too much. 
Men, less, as menforte, less strong. 
Quasi, rather, or like ; “ andante, quasi 
allegretto ; ma non troppo.” “ Andante, 
inclining to allegretto ; but not quite so 
fast” (as allegretto.) 
Con, wdth, as con giusto, with taste. 
without, as senza sordini, without 
sordini (or mutes.) 
Crescendo, increasing in force. 
Diminuendo, decreasing in force. 
Accelerando, quickening in time, but gra- 
dually. 
Rellentando, or ritardando, becoming 
slower, but gradually. 
