paper. 
two sliort beams, GG,gp;, are bolted; tliey 
have long mortices through them to receive 
tenons, at the end of two horizontal levers, 
HH, which turn on bolts in one of the 
beams, Gg, as centres, and are elevated or 
depressed by turning the rmts^ of two 
screws, h h, fixed to the tenon, and coming 
up through the top of the beams, Gg, upon 
which the nuts take their bearing. Two 
brasses are let into the middle of the levers, 
H H, and form the bearing for the spindle, 
1 1, of the engine to turn upon. K, is the 
cylinder, made of wood, and fixed fast upon 
the spindle, II; it has a number of knives 
or cutters fixed on it, parallel to its axis, 
and projecting from its circumference about 
an inch. L, (fig. 3) is a circular breasting, 
made of boards, and covered with sheet- 
lead, which fits the cylinder very tridy, and 
leaves but very little space betw'cen the 
teeth and the breasting, L. M, is an inclined 
plane, leading regnlarly from the bottom 
of the engine trough, to the top of the 
breasting ; and N is another plane, but of 
smaller inclination, leading from the bot- 
tom of the breasting ; at the bottom of the 
breasting, beneath the axis of the cylinder, 
a block, P, is fixed, it has cutters of the 
same size, and exactly similar to those in 
the cylinder, which pass very near to those 
in the block, but do not touch; this block 
is fixed by a dove-tail into the wooden bot- 
tom of the breasting ; it comes through the 
wood-work of the chest, and projects a 
small distance from the outside of it, and is 
kept up to its place by a wedge, Q, (fig. 1); 
by withdrawing this wedge the block be- 
comes loose, and can be removed to sharpen 
the cutters as occasion requires. 
The cylinder is turned round with great 
velocity by a small pinion, E, turned by a 
cog-wheel, which is turned with the inter- 
vention of other wheels by a water-wheel, 
so as to revolve about one hundred and 
twenty times per minute. This great velo- 
city draws the rags and water with which 
tlie engine-trough is filled, down between 
the cylinder and the fixed cutters in the 
block, P; and by this they are cut in 
pieces, and, passing round the partition, 
PF, come to the cylinder again : the breast- 
ing, L, by being so close to the cylinder, 
and its top so near the surface of the water, 
prevents the rags getting to the cylinder too 
fast, and by that means clogging it up, or 
raising it up from its bearing ; and if any 
rags come to the breasting rolled up, the 
action of the cylinder against the breasting 
tends to open them, and bring them in then- 
proper direction to the cylinder. The 
screws, hh, are used to raise or lower the 
cylinder, and cause it to cut finer or 
coarser by enlarging or diminishing the 
space between the cutters in the block, P, 
and those of the cylinder. 
A cover is put over the cylinder to pre- 
vent the water and rags being thrown out 
of the engine by its great velocity ; it is a 
square box, ahde, and has two small 
troughs at d and e, coming through the 
sides of the box. fg, are two hair sieves, 
sliding in grooves made in each side of the 
box: the cylinder, as it turns, throws a 
great quantity of the w-ater and rags up 
against these sieves ; the water goes through 
them, and runs down the troughs at d and e, 
and from thence into the end of leaden 
pipes, h i, (fig. 1), by which it is conveyed 
away : k 1, are grooves for two boards, 
w'hich, when slid down in their places, co- 
ver the hair sieves, and stop the water going 
through them. A considerable part of the 
rags thus thrown up by the cylinder, pass 
quite over it, and go down under it again. 
The engine is constantly supplied with 
fair water by a pipe, R, delivering it into a 
small cistern communicating with the en- 
gine ; the pipe has a flannel bag tied to the 
end to strain the water. In large mills, 
two engines exactly similar are used, but 
one set to act finer than the other ; the rags 
are first worked in the coarse one, and af- 
terwards in the fine one ; but some mills 
have but one engine, and alter it to cut fine 
by the screws, hh. 
The paper proper for writing should be 
without knots, without any parts of the 
stuff not triturated, without folds, and with- 
out wrinkles, of a supple texture, its grain 
uniform and regular, softened in the ex- 
change, and not destroyed by smoothing. 
The ground of this paper must be extremely 
white, or shaded with a very light blue, 
which adds to its natural splendor. It is of 
great importance that it be fully and equal- 
ly sized, otherwise the writing cannot be 
well finished, and the turnings of the letters 
will be very imperfect. The paper used 
for drawing, or for coloured maps, is in 
some mills made from one kind of white 
stuff', either fine or middling; in others, 
from a mixture of three, or four kinds ot 
stuff of different colours. The Dutch were 
not long ago almost wholly in possession of 
this manufacture. The same qualities are 
necessary in this paper as in that for 
writing. The grain, however, must be a 
little more raised, although softened by the 
