PAPER. 
exchange ; for, without this grain, the pen- 
cil would leave with difficulty the traces of 
the objects. Great care is also necessary 
in the sizing of this paper, that the drawing 
be neatly performed, and also that the sink- 
ing of the ink or coloui s into the irregulari- 
ties of the stuff be prevented. 
The British and Dutch have had the 
greatest success in manufachuing paste- 
board, which they make ei ther from a sin- 
gle mass of stuff on the form, or from a col- 
lection of several sheets pasted together. 
In both cases, the sheets of pasteboard are 
made of stuff not rotted, and triturated 
with rollers, furnished with blades of well- 
tempered steel. By the operation of the 
exchange, and smoothing continued for a 
long time, the British and Dutch obtain so- 
lid and smooth stuffs, which neither break 
under the folds of cloth nor adhere to them. 
The stuffs not putritied have another ad- 
vantage in this species of pasteboard, 
namely, that of resisting the action of heat, 
which they experienee between the folds' 
of cloth, without wasting or tarnishing, and 
of consecpience, they may be used for a 
long time. In England they have at least 
equalled any other nation in the manufac- 
ture of this paper; and even iii Scotland 
they have arrived at such a degree of per- 
fection in this art, that great part of what 
they manufacture is sent into England. It 
requires to be made of a soft and equal 
stuff, without folds or wrinkles, of a natural 
whiteness, and with a shade of blue. It 
must be sized less strongly than writing pa- 
per, but sufficiently well to give neatness 
to the characters. The paper, thus pro- 
perly prepared, yields easily to the print- 
ing press, and takes a sufficient quantity of 
ink. The stuff must be without grease, 
and wrought with that degree of slowness 
as to make it spread equally over the form, 
and take a neat and regular grain ; without 
this, the characters will not be equally 
marked in every part of th6 page; and the 
smallest quantity of grease renders the siz- 
ing unequal and imperfect. Some artists, 
with considerable success, both to meliorate 
the grain, and to reduce the inequalities of 
the surface, have submitted this paper to 
the exchange. And it is proper to add, 
that a moderate degree of exchanging and 
of pressing may be of great service after the 
sheets are printed, to destroy the hollow 
places occasioned by the press, and the re- 
lievo of the letters. Engraving requires a i 
paper of the same qualities with the last 
mentioned, with respect to the stuff, which 
must be pure, without knots, and equally 
reduced ; the grain uniform, and the sheets 
without folds or wrinkles. To preserve the 
grain, it is necessary that it be dried slowly 
in the lowest place of the drying house. If 
it is submitted to the exchange, the effects 
of it must be moderated with the greatest 
care, and the action of the two first presses 
must be equally distributed over the whole 
mass, otherwise the inequality of the 
moisture at the middle and sides will ex- 
pose it to wrinkles in the drying. The siz- 
ing of this paper must also be moderate. 
These circumstances are necessary to make 
it Receive with neatness all the soft and de- 
licate touches of the plate. The soft and 
yielding paper of Auvergne possesses all 
those advantages ; and accordingly, a great 
quantity of this, and of printing paper, were 
formerly imported into Britain and Hol- 
land from France, where they still continue 
to rot the materials from which they make 
engraving paper. 
The wire- wove frame is peculiarly adapt- 
ed to this kind of paper. Paper for cards 
must be manufactured from a pretty firm 
stuff, in order to take that degree of smooth- 
ness which makes the cards glide easily 
over one another in using. For this reason 
the card-makers reject every kind of paper 
which is soft and without strength. This 
paper requires to be very much sized, since 
the sizing holds the place of varnish, to 
which the smoothing gives a glazed and 
shining surface. To answer all these pur- 
poses, the rags require to be a little rotted, 
and the mallets strongly armed with iron 
studs. 
There are three methods by which paper- 
hangings are painted; the first by printing 
on the colours ; the second by using the 
stencil ; and the third by laying them on 
with a pencil, as in other kinds of painting. 
When the colours are laid on by printing, 
the impression is made by wooden prints, 
which are cut in such a manner, that the 
figure to be expressed is made to project 
from the surface by cutting away all the 
other part ; and this, being charged with 
the colours tempered with their proper ve- 
hicle, by letting it gently down on the 
block on which the colour is previously 
spread, conveys it from thence to the 
ground of the paper, on which it is made to 
tall more forcibly by means of its weight, 
and tlie effort of the arm of the person who 
ses the print. It is easy to conclude, tha 
there must be as many separate prints as 
there are colours to be printed. But where 
