PAPILIO. 
boiled in water, and beaten in a mortar till 
they are reduced into a kind of paste, and 
then boiled with a solution of gum arabic 
or of size, to give tenacity to the paste, 
which is afterwards formed into different, 
toys, &c. by pressing it into oiled moulds. 
When dry, it is done over with a mixture of 
size and lamp-black, and afterwards var- 
nished. The black varnish for these toys, 
according to Dr. Lewis, is prepared as fol- 
lows. Some colophony, or turpentine, boil- 
ed down till it becomes black and friable, 
is melted in a glazed earthen vessel, and 
thrice as much amber in fine powder sprink- 
led in by degrees, with the addition of a 
little spirit or oil of turpentine now and 
then : when the amber is melted, sprinkle 
in the same quantity of sarcocolla, continu- 
ing to stir them, and to add more spirit of 
turpentine, till the whole becomes fluid; 
then strain out the clear through a coarse 
hair bag, pressing it gently between hot 
boards. This varnish, mixed with ivory- 
black in fine powder, is applied in a hot 
room on the, dried paper paste, which is 
then set in a gently heated oven, next day 
in a hotter oven, and the third day in a very 
hot one, and let stand each time till the oven 
grows cold. 
PAPILIO, in natural history, butterfly, 
a genus of insects of the order Lepidoptera : 
antennas growing thicker towards the tip, 
and generally ending in a knob ; wings 
when fitting erect, the edges meeting toge- 
ther over the abdomen ; they fly in the day- 
time. The number of species under this 
genus (not less than 1200) renders it neces- 
sary to divide the whole into sections,which 
are instituted from the habit or general 
appearance, and, ii» some degree, from the 
distribution of the colour on the wings. 
We shall give the arrangement according to 
Linnaeus, which in this instance exhibits an 
attempt to combine, in some degree, natural 
and civil history, by attaching the memory 
of some illustrious ancient name to an in- 
sect of a particular cast. By this plan there 
are five divisions, viz. 
1. Eqvites: upper wings longer from the 
posterior angle to the tip than to tlie base ; 
antennae frequently filiform. The Equites 
are, Trojans, having red spots or patches 
on each side their breasts; or Greeks, with- 
out red marks on the breast, of gayer co- 
lours, ill general, than the former, and often 
having an eye-shaped spot at the inner cor- 
ner of the lower wings. 
2. Helkonii: wings narrow, entire, often 
naked, or semi-transparent ; the upper ones 
oblong, the lower ones very short. In some 
of the Heliconii the under wings are slightly 
indented. 
3. Danai, from the sons and daughters of 
Danaus. These are divided into D. candidi 
and D. festivi; the wings of the former are 
white, of the latter they are variegated. 
4. Ntjmphales: wings denticulate. Of 
these there are the gemmati and the phale- 
rati ; the one having eye-shaped spots either 
on all the wings, or on the upper or lower 
pair only ; the others have no spots on their 
wings, but, in general, a great variety of 
colours. 
6. Plebeii: small; the larva oftpn con- 
tracted. These are divided into the rurales, 
wings with obscure spots ; and the urbicol®, 
wings mostly wdth transparent spots. 
Among the Equites Troes, the P. Pria- 
mus should take the lead, not only from 
the corresponding dignity of the name, but 
from the exquisite appearance of the animal 
itself, which Linnaeus considered as the 
most beautiful of the Whole papilionaceous 
tribe. This admirable species measures 
more than six inches from wing’s end to 
wing’s end : the upper wings are velvet* 
black, with a broad band of the most beau- 
tiful grass-green, and of a satiny lustre, 
drawn from the shoulder to the tip, and 
another on the lower part of the wing, fol- 
lowing the shape of that part, and of a 
somewhat undulating appearance as it ap- 
proaches the tip : the lower wings are of 
tlie same green colour, edged with velvet- 
black, and marked by four spots of that 
colour ; while at the upper part of each, or 
at the part where the upper wings lap over, 
is a squarish orange-coloured spot ; the tho- 
rax is black, with sprinklings of lucid green 
in the middle, and the abdomen is of a 
bright yellow or gold colour. On the un- 
der side of the animal the distribution of 
colours is somewhat different, the green be- 
ing disposed in central patches on the upper 
wings, and the lower being marked by 
more numerous black as well as orange 
spots. The red or bloody spots on each 
side of the thorax are not always to be 
seen on this, the Trojan monarch. The P, 
Priamus is a very rare insect, and is a na- 
tive of the island of Amboyna. 
P. Antenor is a very large species, mea- 
suring six inches and a half in extent of 
wings : its colour is black, with numerous 
cream-coloured spots and patches, and the 
under wings, which are tailed, or furnished 
with a pair of lengthened processes in the 
middle, are edged witlt a row of red ores- 
