PAS 
every passion, emotion, and affection pro- 
ceeds from certain impressions or ideas ex- 
cited concerning the nature, or state, or 
quality, or agency of tlie exciting cause. 
These ideas have undoubtedly their seat in 
that part of man we distinguish by the ap- 
pellation of mind.” This admitted, the 
Doctor advances that the exciting cause 
must change the state of it in relation to any 
given object, thus from total indifference 
the mind becomes in some particular man- 
ner interested, consequently the new im- 
pression produces a correspondent change 
upon the body, and in proportion to the im- 
petus, general observation and universal 
phraseology founded upon that observa- 
tion, demonstrates that a perceptible influ- 
ence of each violent emotion is directed to- 
wards the heart, which feels different sensa- 
tions, pleasant or the reverse, over which it 
has no controul, and from this centre di- 
verges the influence of agitated spirits, the 
slightest effects of which are not visible to 
the spectator. “ Nay,” adds this gentle- 
man, “ the subject himself is not consci- 
ous perhaps of any thing more than ei- 
ther a change of sentiment on the per- 
ception of the stronger influence of a 
former sentiment connecting with something 
agreeable or disagreeable in this percep- 
tion; a something which attaches more 
strongly to the object, or creates some de- 
gree of repugnance. This state of mind is 
styled an affection, and it appears to be to- 
tally mental ; but stronger influences pro- 
duce such changes, that the inward dispo- 
sition becomes obvious to the spectator, 
through the medium of the corporeal frame. 
It is now called an emotion, and this may 
increase in strength until the whole system 
becomes agitated and convulsed. From 
this statement it appears incontestible, that 
the affections and passions have their origin 
in the mind, while emotions are corporeal 
indications of what passes within.” 
Passion, or Cross of the Passion, in 
heraldry, is so called, because resembling 
the shape of that on which our Saviour is 
thought to have suffered ; that is, not 
crossed in the middle, but a little below the 
top, with arms short in proportion to the 
length of the shaft. 
Passion flower, in botany. See Passi- 
FLORA. 
PASSPORT, is a licence for the safe 
passage of any person from one port to an- 
other. 
PASTE, a composition of water and 
flour, boiled to a consistence ; used by vari- 
PAS 
oils artificers, as sadlers, upholsterers, book- 
binders, &c. 
Paste, in the glass-trade, a kind of colour- 
ed glass, made of calcined crystal, lead, and 
other metallic preparations, so as to imitate 
the natural gems. The basis of these composi- 
tions is a pure glass, prepared from pounded 
quartz, fused with alkali, with the addition 
of borax and of oxide of lead. The latter 
gives density to the glass, a susceptibility of 
receiving a higher polish, and a greater re- 
fractive pow’er, by which the lustre is in- 
creased. Different colours are obtained by 
the addition of various metallic oxides. The 
oxide of gold gives a red ; of cobalt, blue ; 
of manganese, purple ; of lead, yellow ; and 
of iron, green : and these colours are so 
rich, as to be equal, or even superior, to 
those of natural gems, though in lustre, 
hardness, and durability, the pastes are far 
inferior. They may be distinguished by 
their inferior specific gravity, and their soft- 
ness, which is such that they can be scratch- 
ed by the knife. 
PASTEBOARD, a kind of thick paper 
formed of several sheets of paper pasted to- 
gether. The chief use of pasteboard is in 
binding books, making letter-cases, &c. See 
Paper. 
PASTINACA, in botany, parsnip, a ge- 
nus of the Pentandria Digynia class and 
order. Natural order of Umbellatae, or 
Umbellifera?. Essential character : fruit 
elliptic, compressed, flat; petals involute, 
entire. There are three species ; of wbich 
P. sativa, common garden parsnip, has 
smooth leaves, of a light or yellowish green 
colour, in which it differs from the wild 
plant; the stalks also rise higher, and are 
deeper channeled ; the peduncles are much 
longer, and the flowers of a deeper yellow 
colour. The roots are sweeter than car- 
rots, and are eaten by those who abstain 
from animal food in Lent, or eat salt fish : 
they are highly nutritious. In the north of 
Ireland they are brewed, instead of malt, 
with hops, and fermented with yeast ; the 
liquor thus obtaine.d is very agreeable. 
PASTORAL, in general, something that 
relates to shepherds ; hence we say, pastoral 
life, manners, poetiy, &c. The original of 
poetry is ascribed to that age which suc- 
ceeded the creation of the world ; and as 
the keeping of flocks seems to have been 
the first employment of mankind, the most 
ancient sort of poetry was probably pasto- 
ral. It is natural to imagine, that' the leisure 
of those ancient shepherds admitting and 
inviting some diversion, none was so proper 
