PHARMACY, 
13. Mellita, medicated honeys. 
14. Mistur® et emulsiones, mixtures and 
emulsions. 
15. Aceta, medicated vinegars. 
16. Tinctnr®, tinctures. 
IT. dEtlierea, etliereals and alcohols. 
18. Vina, medicated wines. 
19. Extracta, extracts. 
20. Pulveres, powders. 
21. Confectiones, confections. 
22. Trochisci, troches. 
23. Pilul®, pills. 
24. Cataplasmata, cataplasms. 
25. Linimenta, liniments. 
26. Unguenta, ointments. 
27. Cerata, cerates. 
28. Emplastra, plasters. 
Class I. Adda. Acids. 
The preparations under this name chiefly 
in use, and for which forms are given in the 
modern College Dispensatories, are 
Sulphuric, Edin. 
diluted, Edin. Lond. 
Vitriolic diluted, Edin. Lond, 
Nitric, Edin, 
Nitrous, Lond. Dubl. 
■ diluted, Lond. Dubl. 
Muriatic, Edin. Lond. Dubl. 
Acetous, Lond. Edin. acetum distil. Dubl. 
Benzoic, Edin. Flores Benzoes, Lond. 
Succinic, Edin. oleum succini, Lond. 
Aqua aeris fixi, Dubl. water impregnated 
with fixed air. 
Nitrous acid is frequently impure. Sul- 
phuric acid is easily got rid of by re-distil- 
ling the nitrous acid from a small quantity 
of nitrate of potash. But its presence is 
not indicated when nitrous acid forms a 
precipitate with nitrate of baryte, as affirm- 
ed by almost all chemical authors; for ni- 
trate of baryte was discovered by Mr. 
Hume to be insoluble in nitrous acid. 
Muriatic acid is detected by the preci- 
pitate formed with nitrate of silver, and 
may be separated by dropping into the ni- 
trous acid a solution of nitrate of silver, as 
long as it forms any precipitate, and draw- 
ing off the nitrous acid by distillation. 
The general properties of nitrous acid 
have been already noticed. Mr. Davy has 
shewn that it is a compound of nitric acid 
and nitric oxide, and that by additional 
doses of the last constituent, its colour is 
successively changed, from yellow to orange, 
olive-green, and blue-green, and its specific 
gravity is diminished. 
Vinegar may be distilled either in a com- 
mon still or in a retort. The better kinds 
of wine-vinegar should be used. Indeed, 
with the best kind of vinegar, if the dis- 
tillation be carried on to any great length, 
it is extremely difficult to avoid empy- 
reuma. The best method of preventing 
this inconvenience is, if a retort be used, 
to place the sand but a little way up its 
sides, and when somewhat more than half 
the liquor is come over, to pour on the re- 
mainder a quantity of fresh vinegar equal 
to the liquor drawn off. This may be re- 
peated three or four times; the vinegar sup- 
plied at each time being previously heated. 
The addition of cold liquor would uot only 
prolong the operation, blit also endanger 
the breaking of the retort. 
Lowftz recommends the addition of half 
an ounce of reeently burnt and powdered 
charcoal to each pound of vinegar in the 
still, as the best means of avoiding empy- 
reuma. 
If the common still be employed, it should 
likewise be occasionally supplied with fresh 
vinegar, in proportion as the acid runs off, 
and this continued until the process can be 
conveniently carried no further. The dis- 
tilled acid must be rectified by a second 
distillation in a retort or glass alembic ; for 
although the head and receiver be of glass 
or stone ware, the acid will contract a me- 
tallic taint from the pewter worm. 
The residuum of this process is com- 
mon!^ thrown away as useless, although, if 
skilfully managed, it may be made to turn 
to good account, the strongest acid still re- 
maining in it. Mixed with about three 
times its weight of fine dry sand, and com- 
mitted to distillation in a retort, with a 
well-regulated fire, it yields an exceedingly 
strong empyreumatic acid. It is, never- 
theless, without any rectification, better 
for some purposes, as being stronger, than 
the pure acid; particularly for making ace- 
tate of potash or soda : for then the empy- 
reumatie oil is burnt out. 
Distilled vinegar should be colourless and 
transparent ; have a pungent , smell, and 
purely acid taste, totally free from acri- 
mony and empyreuma, and should be en- 
tirely volatile. It should not form a black 
precipitate on the addition of a solution of 
baryte, or of water saturated with sulphu- 
retted hydrogen ; or change its colour when 
super-saturated with ammonia. These cir- 
cumstances show that it is adulterated with 
sulphuric acid, or contains lead, copper, or 
tin. 
