PHILOSOPHY, MENTAL. 
np the relicts of those privileges and plea- 
sures, or inconveniencies and pains respe^ 
tively ; and these being gradually blended 
together, and united with those with which 
each repetition of the producing cause is 
accompanied, afford in each instance ^ P®" 
culiar compound pleasure or pain, which, 
hy the custom of our language, has the 
word honour or shame respectively con- 
nected with it. The general account will 
apply to each of the four classes of the 
feelings of ambition; but the feelings of 
honour or shame connected with this parti- 
cular class, require a more minute analysis. 
A great part, perhaps the greatest, is de- 
rived from the high-strained encomiums, 
applauses, and flatteries, paid to talents 
and learning, and the outrageous ridicule 
and contempt thrown upon folly and igno- 
rance, in all the discourses and writings of 
men of genius and literature ; these persons 
being extremely partial to their own excel- 
lencies, and carrying the opinion of the 
world along with them by the force of their 
abilities and eloquence. It is also to be ob- 
served, that in the education of young per- 
sons, and especially of boys and young 
men, great rewards are conferred in con- 
sequence of intellectual abilities and attain- 
ments, and great punishments follow negli- 
gence and ignorance ; which rewards and 
punishments, being respectively associated 
with the words expressing praise and cen- 
sure, and with all their other circumstances, 
transfer upon praise or censure compound 
vivid relicts of those pleasures and pains. 
77. In like manner, all the kinds of honour 
and shame, by being expressed in words 
and symbols which are nearly related to 
each other, enhance each other ; thus, for 
instance, the caresses which are given to 
a child when he is dressed in fine clothes, 
prepare him to be much more affected 
with the caresses and encomiums bestowed 
upon him when he has been diligent in get- 
ting his lesson; and, indeed, it ought to be 
remarked, that the words and phrases of 
the parents, governors, superiors, and at- 
tendants, have so great an influence over 
children, when they first come to the use of 
language, as instantly to generate an im- 
plicit belief, a strong desire, or a high de- 
gree of pleasure. Unless very improper 
treatment has been practised, they have 
at that early period no suspicions, jealousies, 
recollections, or expectations, ot being de- 
ceived or disappointed ; and therefore a set 
of words expressing pleasure of any kind 
which they have experienced, put together 
in almost any manner, will raise up in them 
a pleasurable state, and the opposite words 
a painful one. Whenee it is easy to see, 
that the language expressing praise or 
blame, must instantly form the mere asso- 
ciations connected with the separate words, 
put them into a state of hope and joy, or of 
fear and sorrow. And when the foundation 
is thus laid, praise and blame will keep 
their influences from the advantages and 
disadvantages attending them, though the 
separate words should lose their particular 
influences, as they manifestly do in our pro- 
gress through life. 
78. The honour and shame arising from 
intellectual accomplishments, do often, in 
learned men, after some time, destroy, in 
a great measure, their sensibility in respect 
of every other kind of honour and shame ; 
which seems chiefly to arise from their con- 
versing much with books and learned men, so 
as to have a great part of thepleasures which 
tliey receive from such intercourse, closely 
connected with the encomiums on abilities 
and learning, and to hear all terms of ho- 
nour applied to them, and the keenest re- 
proach, and the most insolent contempt, 
cast upon the contrary defects. And, as 
the pleasures which raillery, ridicule, and 
satire, afford to the by-standers, are very 
considerable, so-the person who is the ob- 
ject of them, and who begins to be in pain 
upon the first slight marks of contempt, has 
this pain much enhanced by the contrast, 
the exquisiteness of his uneasiness and con- 
fusion rising in proportion to the degree of 
mirth and insolent laughter in the by-stand- 
ers ; so that it happens that very few per- 
sons have courage to stand the force of ri- 
dicule, but rather subject themselves to 
considerable bodily pains, to losses, and to 
the anxiety of a pilty mind, than appear 
foolish, absurd, singular, or contemptible 
to the world, or even to persons of whose 
judgment and abilities they have a low opi- 
nion. 
Of the Pleasures and Pains of Self-Interest. 
79. Self-interest may be distinguished 
into three kinds : gross self-interest, or the 
pursuit of the means whereby the pleasures 
of sensation, imagination, and ambition, are 
to be obtained, and their pains avoided ; 
refined self-interest, or the explicit, deli- 
berate, seeking for ourselves of the plea- 
sures of sympathy, theopathy, and the moral 
sense, and a like explicit endeavour to avoid 
their pains; and, rational selt-interest, or 
the explicit pursuit of our greatest happi- 
