PIP 
PIP 
riage, a a, and piece of timber, are advanc- 
ed towards the borer by ropes 5 g is one 
hooked to it, going over a pulley, (not seen) 
and returning to a windlass, H, above the 
carriage, round which it is coiled several 
times, and the end made fast to it ; h is an- 
other rope, hooked to it at the other end, 
and going over a pulley, and, coming to the 
same windlass, H, it is coiled round the 
windlass in a contrary direction to gg, and 
then nailed fast ; by this means, when the 
windlass, H, is turned by the handles on its 
wheel, I ; one rope will wind up, while the 
other gives out, and draws the carriage and 
piece of timber backwards or forwards, ac- 
cording as the wheel is turned. The weight 
of the borer is supported by a wheel, 1 , 
turning between uprights, fixed to a block, 
L, whose end rests upon tlie groundsills, D ; 
it is moved forwards by two iron bars, mm, 
pinned to the front cross bar of the car- 
riage, aa -, the distance between the wheel, 
2 , and the carriage can be varied, by alter- 
ing the iron bar and pins, so as to bring the 
point of support, or wheel, I, always as near 
as convenient to the end of the tree. The 
shaft, F, may be turned by any first mover, 
wind, water, steam, or horses, as is most 
convenient, and a man regulates the wheel, 
I. When the borer is put in motion, by 
turning the wheel, I, from 0 to p, he draws 
the tree up to the borer which pierces it; 
when a few inches are bored, he withdraws 
the tree, by turning the wheel back, that 
the borer may throw out its chips, he then 
returns the tree, and continues this process 
until the work is finished ; the borer is the 
shape of a common auger. 
PiPEj tobacco, a machine used in the 
smoaking of tobacco, consisting of a long 
tube, made of earth or clay, having at one 
end a little case, or furnace, called the 
bowl, for the reception of the tobacco, the 
fumes whereof are drawn by the mouth 
through the other end. Tobacco-pipes are 
made of various fashions ; long, short, plain, 
worked, white, varnished, unvarnished, and 
of various colours, &c. The Turks use 
pipes three or four feet long, made of rushes, 
or of wood bored, at the end thereof they 
fix a kind of pot of baked earth, which 
serves as a bowl, and which they take off 
after smoking. 
Pipe also denotes a vessel or measure for 
wine, and things measured by wine-measure. 
It is usually reckoned two hogsheads, or 
126 gallons: this is the measure found in 
books, but in actual life it is very difter- 
pnt. 
Gallon*. 
The pipe of Port is 138 
Madeira 110 
Vidonia 120 
Sherry 130 
— Lisbon, and Bucellas 140 
The pipe of port is seldom accurately 138 
gallons, and it is customary in trade to 
charge what the cask actually contains, be 
it more or less than the estimated quantity. 
Pipe, in music, any tube formed of a 
reed, or of wood, metal, &c. which being 
inflated at one end produces , a musical 
sound,' acute or grave, soft or loud, accord- 
ing to the material, its form, and dimensions. 
The pipe, which was originally no more 
than a simple oaten straw, formed one of the 
first instruments by whieh melodious sounds 
were attempted. 
Pipes of Pan, or mouth organ, a wind 
instrument consisting of a range of pipes 
bound together side by side, and gradually 
lessening witli respect to each other in 
length and diameter. The longest is about 
six inches, and the shortest only two in 
length. In performing upon this instru- 
ment, it is held in the hand, and the pipes 
are blown into by the mouth at the tipper 
end. 
Pipe, in law, a roll in the exchequer, 
otherwise called the Great roll, whence 
there is an office called the pipe office, 
where they take cognizance of estreats and 
forfeitures to the King. 
PIPER, in botany, pepper, a genus of the 
Diandria Trigynia class and order. Natu- 
ral order of Piperita;. Urticse, Jussieu. 
Essential character : calyx none ; corolla 
none ; berry one-seeded. There are sixty 
species. Most of the peppers are perennial, 
with herbaceous or frutescent stems, some- 
times scandeut and dichotomous, the 
branches as it were jointed. The numer- 
ous species of this genus are natives of the 
East and West Indies, a few of the islands 
in the South Seas, and two or three of the 
Cape of Good Hope. P. nigrum, black 
pepper, grows spontaneously in the East 
Indies and Cochin China; it is cultivated 
with such success in Malacca, Java, and 
especially iu Sumatra, that it is thence ex- 
ported to every part of the world where a 
regular commerce has been established. 
White pepper was formerly thought to be a 
different species from the black; but it is 
nothing more than the ripe berries deprived 
of their skin, by steeping them about a 
fortnight in water; after which they are 
dried in the sun. P. betle, betel, has the 
