QUA 
of the bat which, from its having the fore- 
feet webbed with a membrane, and using 
them as birds do their wings in flying, has 
erroneously heen ranked among the bird- 
kind. Linnaeus, whose system we have ge- 
nerally followed, subdivides the quadruped 
class into six oi ders, which he characterizes 
from the number, figure, and disposition of 
their teeth. See Mammalia, apd Natu- 
ral History. 
quadruple, a sum or number mul- 
tiplied by four or taken four times. This 
word is particularly used for a gold coin 
worth four times as much as that whereof 
it is the quadruple. 
QUALEA, in botany, a genus of the 
Monandria Monogynia class and order. Es- 
sential character: calyxfour parted ; corolla 
two-petalled ; berry. There are two species, 
viz. Q. rosea, and Q. coerulea. These are 
both tall trees, growing naturally in the 
forests of Guiana, 
QUAKERS. See Friends. 
Quakers, hy statute 7 and 8 Wil. III. 
cap. 27, and 8 George I. cap. 6, making 
and subscribing the declaration of fidelity, 
mentioned in 1 William and Mary, shall not 
be liable to the penalty against others re- 
fusing to take such oaths ; and not sub- 
scribing the declaration of fidelity, &c. 
they are disabled to vote at the election of 
members of parliament. By 7 and 8 Wil- 
liam HI. cap. 34, made perpetual by 1 
George 1. cap. 6, quakers, where an oath is 
required, are permitted to make a solemn 
affirmation or declaration of the truth of 
any fact; but they are not capable of being 
witnesses in any criminal cause, serving on 
jnries, or bearing any office or place of 
profit under government, unless they arp 
sworn like other protestants ; but this clause 
does not extend to the fi eedom of a corpo- 
ration. By statute 22 George II. cap. 46, 
an affirmation shall be allowed in all cases 
(except criminal) where by any act of par- 
liament an oath is required, though no pro- 
vision is made, for adinitting a quaker to 
make his affirmation. 
QUALITY, is defined by Mr. Locke, to 
be the power in a subject of producing any 
idea in the mind : thus a snow-ball having 
the power to produce in us the ideas of 
white, cold, and round, these powers, as 
they are in the snow ball, he calls qualities j 
and as they gre sensations, or perceptions, 
in our understandings, he calls ideas. It 
has been demonstrated that every quality 
(hat is propagated from a centre, such 
QUA 
as light, heat, cold, odour, &c. has its in- 
tensity either increased or decreased, in 
the duplicate ratio of the distances frqm 
the centre inversely. So at double the dis- 
tance from the earth’s centre ; or from a 
luminous, or a hot body, the weight, or 
light, or heat, is but a fourth part, and at 
three times the distance, it is but a ninth, 
&c. The great Sir Isaac Newton has laid 
it down as one of the rules of philosophizing, 
that those qualities which are incapable of 
being increased or diminished, and which 
are found to obtain in all bodies upon which 
experiments could be tried, are to be es- 
teemed universal qualities of all bodies. 
QUAMDIU, se bene gesserit, as long as 
he shall behave himself well in his office, is a 
clause frequently inserted in letters patent 
of offices, and is inserted in the patent by 
which the judges are appointed. 
QUANTITY, any thing capable of esti- 
mation, or mensuration; or which, being 
compared with another thing of the same 
kind, may be said to be greater or less than 
it, equal or unequal to it. Mathematics is 
the science or doctrine of quantity, which 
being made up of parts, is capable of being 
made greater or less., It is increased by 
addition, and diminished by subtraction ; 
which are, therefore the two primary opera- 
tions that relate to quantity. Hence it is 
that any quantity may be supposed to enter 
into algebraic computations two different 
ways, which have contrary effects, viz. 
either as an increment or as a decrement. 
A quantity that is to he added, is called 
a positive quantity ; and a quantity to be 
subtracted, is said to be negative. Quan- 
tities are said to be like or similar, that are 
of the same denomination, they are repre- 
sented by the same letter or letters, equally 
repeated : but quantities of different deno- 
minations, or represented by a different 
letter or letters, are said to be unlike or 
dissimilar. A quantity consisting of more 
than one term is called a compound quan- 
tity ; whereas that consisting of one term 
only is denominated a simple quantity. 
The quantity of matter in any body, is 
the product of its density into its bulk; or 
a quantity arising from the joint considera- 
tion of its magnitude and density ; as if a 
body be twice as dense, and take up twice 
as much space as another, it will be four , 
times as great. This quantity of matter is 
best discoverable by the absolute weight 
of bodies. 
The quantity of motion in any body is 
the factum of the velocity into the mass, 
