4 
JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY 
developed the mechanical interpretation of the bones and of the teeth 
in relation to function but without close regard to musculature. Marsh 
and Cope began to observe the phylogeny of the mammals. Marsh 
came near the truth in the phylogeny of the horse. Independently 
in Europe Gaudry^^ made great contributions to the phylogeny of the 
mammals. Kowalevsky (1872)^^ was the first to study the details of 
tooth and foot structure in relation to the Darwinian principles of 
adaptation, survival, and extinction. 
Of the leading mammalogists of this country Allen followed his 
earlier observations on the pelage and other external characters by 
the intensive study of the variations of the skeleton, of the skull, and 
of the dentition in several groups of mammals, especially the bison and 
the muskoxen. In the former he took account of extinct forms. The 
present honored president of this Society, Merriam, has led the way 
in studying the skull intensively with its modifications in relation to 
the function and distribution of the muscles, in the rodents especially. 
Many of the colleagues and junior workers of these two leaders have 
won distinguished success in the study of the geographic variations of 
the skull and skeleton, especially Miller, Osgood, Grinnell, and Holhster. 
One of the most marked evidences of the appreciation of this school of 
American research is the invitation to Miller by the Trustees of the 
British Museum to write the ‘‘Mammals of Western Europe,”^^ a 
work now recognized in Europe as a classic. 
The younger school of mammalian palaeontologists in this country, 
mostly of the school of Osborn and Scott, have made a distinct advance 
upon the work of Leidy, Cope, Marsh, Gaudry, and Kowalevsky in 
the following five directions: 
I. Intensive study of the teeth, leading to the use of a new odontog- 
raphy of the Mammalia, based primarily on the tritubercular theory of 
Cope. This odontography in the hands of Osborn, Scott, Matthew, 
Gregory, and other colleagues has become the standard odontography 
of the Mammalia. It was founded upon the original studies of Osborn 
suggested by the original tritubercular theory of Cope; the homologies 
have been modified by studies of Gidley and Gregory; the terminology 
stands. 
Gaudry, Albert. Les Enchainements du Monde Animal dans les Temps 
Geologiques Fossiles Primaires (1883) and Secondaires (1890). 
12 Kowalevsky, W. Sur L’Anchitherium Aurelianense Guv. et sur L’Histoire 
Paleontologique des Chevaux. Mem. LAcademie Imperiale des Sciences de St. 
Petersbourg, VII® Serie, tome XX, no. 5 et dernier. 
13 Miller, Gerrit S. Mammals of Western Europe, 1912. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. 
