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JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY 
tawny than a perfectly comparable virginianus fawm The lines of white spots as 
in the typical race. 
Adult in summer, (14921 M. C. Z., 9 , from Tupper Lake, New York, August 24) 
uniform tawny above from crown to tail without intermixture of dark-tipped 
hairs, paling at the sides, on limbs and front of neck to cinnamon; sides of muzzle 
pale grayish, the backs of the ears and a median line on the muzzle dusky. A con- 
spicuous fringe of white hair between the toes of both fore and hind feet. 
Adult in winter (4999, type, d’, from Bucksport, Maine, December 12) identical 
with typical virginianus in corresponding season, but with the pelage longer than 
in deer from the extreme south of its range, and with a conspicuous fringe of white 
hair between the toes. 
Skull. — We have been unable to discover any characters that will uniformly 
separate skulls of northern deer from those of Maryland, Virginia, Georgia, 
northern and central Florida. While skulls from the north tend to be large, they 
can be closely matched in the series from Palm Beach, Florida. In adult males, 
however, it is much more usual to find the basal portion of the antler coming off 
at a wider angle, so that not only does the basal tine often point in or form a wide 
angle with the main beam (instead of nearly continuing its basal axis) but as a 
result the beams are more spreading and seldom have their tips so closety approxi- 
mated as in well developed heads of virginianus. The skull of the type of borealis 
is unusually large and the antlers more spreading than in the average deer from 
the North. 
Measurements. — See table (p. 76). 
Remarks. — In the brief diagnosis of this northern race (Miller, 1900) true 
virginianus is distinguished by its relatively small teeth (“lower row of cheek 
teeth 75” mm.) and by having the ^‘winter pelage not conspicuously grayer or 
coarser than summer pelage;” whereas borealis has relatively large teeth (‘‘lower 
row of cheek teeth 85” mm.) and the winter pelage is “coarse, usually much tinged 
with gray, very different from summer pelage.” The material now available 
shows that these criteria do not all hold good. 
Phillips (1920, p. 132) has lately shown that in 95 adult males from Maine the 
lower tooth row averages 83 mm. with extremes from 71 to 92. In an adult male 
from Winchester, Virginia, before us, the lower tooth row is 88, in two others 
from Virginia, 77 and 81 respectively, and in five adult males from Palm Beach, 
Florida, 78, 80, 85, 86, 87 respectively. There is probably a very slight average 
difference between extremes of the two races, but it is hardly diagnostic. As 
to the supposed lack of a seasonal change in color in the case of the southern deer, 
it is difficult to see on what ground the supposition rested. For while the adult in 
summer from northern Florida may not be quite as clear or bright a tawny as an 
Adirondack deer “in the red” it is quite as obviously different in its close ochra- 
ceous pelage of this season from the longer, more mixed “blue” or “gray” of its 
winter coat. So far as the scant material at hand indicates there is no color 
difference in winter coats of virginianus and borealis, except that in Florida one 
never sees a deer with such a long, shaggy “gray” coat as is assumed, for instance, 
by Adirondack deer in mid-winter; but the summer coat of the latter in both 
fawn and adult is apparently a trifle brighter, a clear tawny rather than ochra- 
ceous-buff with dark ticking, though how far this will hold true in a larger series 
is not yet certain. Another striking difference between the northern skins and 
