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Zealand, as described by Captain Hutton, have as yet been identified 
in the Permo-Carboniferous glacial beds of Australia or Tasmania; 
( d ) from Terre Adelie, or some other land in the Antarctic regions. 
That granitic and various crystalline rocks somewhat similar to those 
found in the glacial beds of Victoria and Tasmania exist in Antarctic 
regions w as ascertained by the great French Expedition in the corvettes 
“ Astrolabe ” and “ ZeleeV’* 
(5.) It is stated that (op. cit ., vol. xxii., p. 47) “ at Adelie Land we 
obtained numerous specimens of granite passing into gneiss.” These 
specimens are described (op. cit., vol. xxiii., p. 214) as follow's: — “No. 
177, II eddish coarse-grained gneiss, with red felspar and brown mica. 
No. 17, Granulitic (‘ l ep t in aide ’) fine-grained, almost compact gneiss, of 
greenish-grey colour with bronze-coloured mica.” The general height 
of this land was estimated as 1,300 feet. It is also stated (op. cit., 
vol. xxii., p. 47) that M. Dubouzet discovered debris of granite in the 
stomach of apenguin. Dr. McCormack, in the “Erebus,” also frequently 
found fragments of granite in the crops of penguins, and reference 
lias already been made to Sir James Ross dredging a fragment of 
coarse-grained granite off the coast of Victoria Land, and to tho “ Chal- 
lenger” dredging fragments of granitites, diorites, amphibolites, mica- 
schists, quartzites, and clay shales from near the so-called Termination 
Land of Wilkes. In the South Orkneys there are high mountains, the 
bases of which were found by the “Astrolabe” and “Zelee” Expedition 
to be composed of a greyish- white limestone, and schists like phyllites 
(op. cit., vol. xxii., p. 32). Tnthe South Shetland*, Lieut. Kendal, of the 
“ Chanticleer,” found the land to be cornposedof “acol lection of needle- 
like pinnacles of syenite, covered with snow,” (A quotation, op. cit., vol. 
xxii., p. 38.) It is also stated a little further on that Smith, Living- 
ston, Greenwich, Roberts, King George, and Elephant Islands are 
composed of a primary schistose formation, traversed by intrusions of 
igneous rocks, syenite, porphyry, Ac., and probably also by very modern 
dykes of volcanic rocks, while Powell Islands are composed of 
phyllite-like talc rocks and quartzose talc rocks, and (op. cit., p. 42) 
it is also stated that the rocks which compose the New South Orkney 
Islands of granite and syenite form the greater part of the erratics 
observed on the coast of Terra del Fucgo. As, therefore, there is a 
considerable area of high land in Antarctic regions composed of 
granitic and schistose rocks, which probably has supplied erratics to 
Terra del Kuego in perhaps Pliocene or Post- Pliocene time, it is not 
unreasonable to suppose that some land in the direction of the Ant- 
arctic regions, but not necessarily, of course, coterminous with any 
modern Antarctic land, may have supplied erratics for transport to 
Australia in Permo-Carboniferous time. 
(6.) Proximity of Land. — That land could not have been very 
far distant in Victoria during the Permo-Carboniferous glaciation is 
proved (a) bv the numerous and thick layers of conglomerate, 
associated with the boulder beds ; and (b) by the abundance of 
Gangamopteris leaves on at least one horizon in the glacial beds. 
The association of Gangamopteris with the erratic-bearing Permo- 
Carboniferous mudstones of Tasmania point to a similar conclusion. 
* Voyage au Pole Sud et dans l’Oceanie, sur les corvettes “ L’Astrolabe ” et “ La 
Zelee. Lxecute pendant les annees, 1837-1840. Sous le commandement de M. J. 
Dumont— D Urville, vols. xxii-xxiii, Paris, 1848. 
