346 
PROCEEDINGS OE SECTION C, 
as before mentioned, there are several natural springs where large 
quantities of water hoil through the limestone rock. In spring or 
summer there is a distinct stream or ripple visible on the surface, as 
seen from the top of the well. Doubtless this is one of the many 
passages through which the surface water drains from this district. 
. . . . The course is about S.E., and either it comes to the surface 
in one of the numero us freshwater springs which abound on the coast* 
or else it comes up under the sea like the water resulting from the 
Katavothra in Greece.” 
It is quite possible, however, that this water may come from the 
Eocene beds. In any case the probabilities of the artesian water- 
bearing beds extending southwards of Wilcannia appear to be 
strengthened by the occurrence of Upper Cretaceous sandstones at 
Bidura, near Balranald (as reported by me in June last), and also by 
the fact that a deep channel has been proved to extend from Urisino 
— where two fine supplies of water have already been obtained— south- 
wards along the west of the Paroo Elver in the direction of 
Wilcannia, for I understand that several deep private bores were put 
down on Momba Station. The deepest of these was 2,000 feet, but I 
believe that boring operations were discontinued before bed rock was 
reached. 
On my journey northwards from Broken Hill, the Upper 
Cretaceous rocks were first met with at Fowler’s Gap, to the north- 
east of Corona Station. A good section of these beds is seen four miles 
west of Sandy Creek Bore, and also about twelve miles west of Bancanya 
Bore, where they form the eastern escarpment of the Koko Ranges. 
They consist of soft, yellowish-grey sandstones and grits, showing false 
bedding in places, sometimes stained by peroxide of iron, and in no 
respect distinguishable (lithologically) from the sandstones subse- 
quently examined at Wilcannia. On the western flanks of the Koko 
Range these sandstone beds are seen to lie imconformablv on the 
upturned edges of slate rocks of probably Upper Silurian age. The 
sandstones here dip to the east at a very low angle (10°), but as they 
are followed to the east the dip is seen to increase, until at the eastern 
side of the range it attains an angle of 45°. It is unusual to find 
Upper Cretaceous rocks so highly inclined as this, but at least one 
instance of as high a dip was observed on the Isis River, Queensland, 
by Mr. Rands, Assistant G-eologist. (Vide Geology and Paleontology 
of Queensland and New Guinea — Jack and Etheridge, p. 545.) 
In many other localities to the northwards, as at Milparinka, 
Mount Poole, Mount Stuart, and in the Grey Ranges, similar soft 
sandstones, but dipping as a rule at a very slight angle, are found 
forming the summits of the hills, and frequently they alternate with, 
and in some instances are overlaid by, hard rocks, which, though 
somewhat of the nature of quartzites, are perfectly distinct from the 
Devonian rocks already alluded to. The latter are highly metamor- 
phosed homogeneous quartzites, while the Upper Cretaceous rocks 
appear to be grits which have been altered by thermal springs ; they 
have, in fact, become opalised or porcelainised by having all the 
interstices between the sandgrains or pebbles completely filled by 
silica deposited from solution. One of the characteristics of this 
porcelainised rock is the manner in which it breaks up on the hilltops. 
It is very hard, but also extremely brittle; it “rings” like porcelain 
