COEEA. 
515 
a certain number are set upright in the bed of the stream at regular 
intervals as piers for the support of the bridge, while those which form 
the roadway are laid side by side, to the width of 10 or 15 feet in a 
horizontal position, with their ends merely resting on the tops of the 
uprights. These bridges have generally a curved outline, rising to a 
slightly higher point in the centre, and falling to the level of the 
bank again at either end. 
The sides of the roadway are occasionally protected by an orna- 
mental balustrade, also of granite ; but, as apparently nothing what- 
ever is done to secure the foundations of the uprights, the bridges are 
at the mercy of every “spate,” and are consequently generafiv met 
with in a state of dilapidation. J 
The principle of the arch (elsewhere unused in Corean architecture 
except for the entrance gates of cities, &c.) is, however, not unknown 
m bridge construction in Corea. 1 know of at least one stone bridge— 
and that apparently an ancient one — of three arches, crossing a small 
tidal stream on the high road between Soul and Kanghwa, in the dis- 
trict of Keump’o. The arches have a span, perhaps, of 12 or 15 feet 
with a mean height, at the crown of the arch, of perhaps a like number 
of feet from the water’s surface. 
Bridges Temporary. — But far the greater number of rivers and 
streams in Corea are crossed either by ferries (if the river be of any 
considerable width and depth) or by temporary structures made of 
the trunks and branches of fir-trees, with a roadway of earth laid 
upon brushwood. These temporary bridges, which are sometimes of 
very considerable length, are usually either swept away by the floods 
m the heavy summer rains or temporarily removed to save them from 
this fate by the inhabitants of the neighbourhood. 
VII. , ^ an } l f ac ^ ur c s . — The paper manufactory outside the N.W. 
Gate of Soul is well known, and needs no description here. Nor 
has it been my fortune to discover the people in any other part of 
the country in which I have travelled engaged iu any industry save 
that of agriculture, if we except such smaller matters as mat-making 
(pi which Kanghwa seems to he a great centre), blacksmith’s work, &c. 
VIII. Metals . — I have travelled too little, in Corea to have had anv 
opportunity of observing the production of the metals or of coal. The- 
metals in most common use (at least in Soul), besides iron and silver 
are— (1) a white composition metal called pai/c-t’onr/, used for pipe- 
bowls and pipe mouthpieces, and other articles of daily use and wear • 
aud (2) two other composition metals of a brassy character, known as 
not and chyon-syeJc, used very much in the production of lamps 
basins, spoons, and other domestic articles. I do not know of what 
