COREA. 
519 
YIL — SEVEN NOTES ON COREA. 
By the Rev. L. 0 . WARNER, M.A . , British Episcopal Mission, Kanghiuci, Corea . 
1. Corean rivers and their 4. Reparation of roads. 
navigability. 5. Bridges. 
2. Different kinds of and rotation 6. Manufactures. 
of crops. 7. Pawnshops. 
3. Land tenure. 
(1.) RIVERS AND THEIR NAVIGABILITY. 
The Soul or ITau River is not navigable for steamers above 
Pyeng-San. Just above that place there are rapids, which are very 
shallow, known as the Pveng-San Taol ; and no craft that will not 
stand bumping on the stones and being dragged over the shallow 
parts, scraping along the bottom, can safely travel over them. Then 
rapids and shallows occur at frequent intervals above this point, 
though sometimes for miles together the river runs very deep, and in 
the middle channel would otherwise be quite navigable for river 
steamers. In the autumn of 1892 I travelled in a small Corean fishing 
boat up the river Han from Soul as far as the town of Yengchoun, in 
ClToong-Ch’ung-To, which is at least 130 miles from Soul by road, and 
naturally much further by river, as it is very winding ; in the rains 
the river is navigable a few miles further up still. Large trading 
junks cannot, however, get so far as Yengchoun even. The progress 
is very slow up the stream, and trading boats carrying salt, which 
they exchange for rice and beans, make very few voyages in a summer. 
A very large quantity of timber is brought down to Soul in large floats, 
on which the men live while travelling, and cook and sleep. Junks 
also carry quantities of cut timber for firewood, &c. There is also a 
tributary river which runs down from the Diamond Mountains, in 
Kang-Ouen-To, and joins the main stream at Machai, a village about 
thirty miles above Soul. This river is navigable for junks as far as the 
town of Nang-Chven, in Kang-Ouen-To. I went up the river as far as 
this town in 1892. Nang-Chyen is about eighty miles from Soul by 
road, but the distance up the river from Machai to Nang-Chyen is at 
least that, but most likely more. It is very difficult to measure with 
any accuracy distances by water. All Coreans measure from place to 
place by land, and tell you those distances usually when asked about 
the distances by water ; besides this, Coreans are very vague in the 
measurement of even land distances. 
At the same time I went across the mountains to the town of 
An Tong, in the southernmost province of Corea, Kyung-Sang-To. 
Near that town is the Naktong River, which flows right through the 
province to Pusan. This is, I believe, a fine river, and is navigable for 
native craft as far as Naktong, which is a village about forty miles 
south of An Tong. The distance from Fusan to An Tong is 550 li , 
or about 180 miles ; this would make the distance from Pusan to Nak- 
tong about 140 miles by road, which would make the river navigable 
for at least that extent. A steamer runs from Fusan up the river, 
but I do not know how far it gets up. The banks of the rivers are 
fairly thickly inhabited, and a good deal of trade is done on the 
rivers. 
In the spring of 1893 I went up the Tai-Tong-Kang or P’yung- 
yang River. This is navigable from the mouth up to within twenty- 
five miles of P’yungyang city for fairly large steamers, such as the 
